China: Perspectives of A Transplanted Mango
Contents:
These methods differ in their sensitivity and specificity Feng et al. For each method, different extraction solvents were employed. They found that the type of solvent, volume of solvent, temperature, sonication time and pH influenced extraction efficacy. Under optimized conditions they found highest ever reported melatonin levels from Pistachio Pistacia vera L. So the detection method might be the source of variation in melatonin concentrations among plant species. This issue needs to be addressed. Melatonin has proven to be ubiquitously synthesized in plant organs Park et al.
While melatonin's role have highlighted the modulation of circadian rhythms in mammals Bonnati-Carrion et al. Thus, this subject is not discussed below; rather the data summarized below primarily consider the functions of melatonin in enhancing growth and preserving the integrity of plants under stressful conditions.
In vitro germplasm storage via cryopreservation is an effective tool to ensure conservation of tree species, but plant cells and tissues are exposed to multiple stresses including osmotic injury, desiccation and low temperature injury during the cryopreservation process; this contributes to problems during the regrowth of cryopreserved materials Uchendu et al. Supplementing both preculture and regrowth media with melatonin 0. Cuttings are also used as a means of propagation for many commercially important horticultural crops. The exogenous application of melatonin to roots of grape cuttings improved their growth by enhancing water stress tolerance.
It increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the activities of non-enzymatic antioxidants; melatonin treatment also kept the internal lamellar system of chloroplasts well preserved and reduced ultrastructural destruction caused by drought stress Jiang et al. A 2—3 fold rise in seed germination rate is common when they are treated with melatonin Aguilera et al. While melatonin has been shown consistently to elevate the germination rate of seeds, the mechanisms of this stimulatory action remain to be identified.
Several studies have noted that melatonin regulates these physiological functions of plants; melatonin generally improves the growth of roots, shoots and explants Murch et al. Later, it was found that 0. Melatonin is now known to alter many plant characteristics including germination Zhang et al. Somewhat unexpectedly, Byeon and Back b found that melatonin increased early seedling growth, but delayed flowering and reduced grain yield in transgenic rice over expressing sheep SNAT. In animals, melatonin has also been reported to have anti-aging actions by delaying senescence Acuna-Castroviejo et al.
These changes were all associated with better protein preservation capacity. Consistent with this, Wang et al. Exogenous melatonin application also delayed natural leaf senescence in Arabidopsis Shi et al. During the second stage, cell elongation, cell expansion and embryo and seed development occurs, so the possible involvement of melatonin in these processes is clearly likely; however, additional investigations are required to precisely define the mechanisms by which melatonin influences development of fruits and vegetable crops. A recent study provides direct evidence that seed coating with melatonin significantly increased the leaf area, plant height, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and fatty acid contents of soybean plants Wei et al.
This study suggests new avenues to enhance crop yields. Seeds coated with melatonin could be potentially used for a large number of commercially important agronomic and horticultural crops.
Volume 27 Issue 12 | Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation | Oxford Academic
This has the potential to revolutionize the seed industry. Salinity is a major environmental factor that limits crop growth and productivity; it leads to huge economic losses worldwide Allakhverdiev et al. Salinity not only induces water deficit caused by osmotic stress, it also disturbs key biochemical process photosynthesis, protein synthesis, energy, and lipid metabolism in plant cells Allakhverdiev et al. Plants use various strategies to cope with these stressors; these involve the exclusion of selective ions, ion compartmentalization, synthesis of compatible solutes, alterations in the photosynthetic pathway, changes in membrane structure, induction of antioxidant enzymes, stimulation of phytohormones and regulation of gene expression Parida and Das, Recently, Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz reviewed the auxin-independent effects of melatonin as a plant growth regulator in various plant species.
Exogenous application of melatonin 0. The application of melatonin also decreased the oxidative damage caused by ROS by directly scavenging H 2 O 2 and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase Li et al. Salinity exerts its negative impact irrespective of growth stage of the plants, and its effects range from seed germination to plant senescence, and occur throughout the life cycle.
Seed germination and plant growth is severely affected by saline stress Ungar, ; Parida and Das, ; Li et al. In every case melatonin proved its importance by ameliorating the effects caused by salt stress and improved germination and plant growth. In cucumber Cucumis sativus L. Melatonin has also been found to be involved in the biosynthesis and catabolism of gibberellic GA and abscisic acids ABA , respectively; it was shown to up-regulate ABA catabolism genes and down-regulate ABA biosynthesis genes resulting to a rapid reduction in ABA.
At the same time, it positively up-regulated GA biosynthesis genes during the early stage of germination, which leads to better germination and better plant growth during the initial stages Zhang et al. Melatonin application enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress in soybean, and up-regulated the expression of genes that were inhibited by salt stress Wei et al.
A recent study conducted using bermudagrass revealed that exogenous melatonin application conferred abiotic stress tolerance and it was observed that transcripts were up-regulated and were down-regulated were differentially expressed compared to non-treated plants Shi et al. Low temperature stress leads to significant damage to agricultural crops; low temperature alters plant physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology Bajwa et al. Many scientists are working on the development of cold tolerant commercially-important crop cultivars. Recently, melatonin was shown to significantly alleviate cold stress in a number of plants.
Like other plants, low temperature damages wheat plants by reducing leaf area, leaf water content, photosynthetic pigment content, and the accumulation of ROS caused lipid peroxidation of membranes. The application of melatonin 1 mM for 12 h to wheat seedlings increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase leading to improved plant growth by reducing oxidative damage Turk et al.
More recently, it has been found that the exogenous application of melatonin increased salt, drought and cold resistance in bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon L. In this study, melatonin activated not only several antioxidants but also induced higher concentration of 54 secondary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols Shi et al.
Extremes temperatures affect membrane fluidity and enzyme activities Zhang et al. In plants under stressful conditions, the genes responsible for melatonin biosynthesis are typically activated resulting in higher levels of melatonin. As an example, under high temperature conditions the level of melatonin is increased in rice Byeon and Back, a suggesting a role of melatonin in defense against heat stress.
In green micro-algae Ulva sp. Application of melatonin has the potential to reverse the inhibitory effect of light and high temperature on photosensitive and thermosensitive Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth seeds Tiryaki and Keles, Similarly in another recent study, Shi et al. Melatonin has also proven its protective role against drought, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals and chemicals stress. Plant species sensitive to ozone damage have lower levels of melatonin compared to ozone resistant species Dubbels et al. Similarly, Alpine and Mediterranean plant species growing in high UV-exposed natural habitats have higher levels of melatonin compared to their counterparts growing under low UV exposure areas Simopoulos et al.
Subsequently, Zhang et al. Melatonin is also useful to save plants from heavy metals stress, as presowing seed treatment of red cabbage seed Brassica oleracea rubrum eliminated the toxic effects of copper ions 0. Melatonin has also be reported to provide protection against butafenacil a singlet oxygen-generating herbicide , in the study in question, melatonin-rich transgenic rice plants exhibited lower levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
These plants also exhibited elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities compared to control plants Park et al. Plant diseases cause major production and economic losses in agriculture worldwide, and both the public and private sectors are working to control the plant diseases through various strategies ranging from forecast and diagnosis of diseases to the production of disease resistant cultivars.
Hong Kong man has new outlook after groundbreaking liver transplant
In addition to many other positive functions in plants, exogenous application of melatonin 0. Also, Ishihara et al. After compiling a recent review, the authors Vielma et al. Certainly, the possibility that melatonin may help in controlling plant diseases fungal, bacterial, viral, viroides should not be overlooked and requires further investigation. Similarly, the potential role of melatonin in defense against insect attacks should be considered, as it has been reported that dopamine a catecholamine functions as a antiherbivore defense in temperate green alga Ulvari aobscura Van Alstyne et al.
Other secondary metabolites have also been isolated from plants which serve as juvenile hormone antagonists against insects and can be used to kill the insects at the larval stage Lee et al. Thus, melatonin an indoleamine might have a role is defense against insect attack, and could prove to be a potential means to control or reduce insect feeding on commercial crops, as insects cause huge losses billions of dollars and substantially reduce crops yields Boyer et al.
On the basis of these findings and others, the authors proposed that the presence of high concentrations of these molecules save these pollutant-resistant plants from the harsh environmental contaminants.
International Conferences 2018-19
They suggested that plants containing up-regulated melatonin and AMFK levels could be used for soil phytoremediation Tan et al. Thus, melatonin was found to be effective in preventing the death of pea plants grown in soil contaminated with copper. Moreover, melatonin itself is environmentally friendly.
Other studies suggest the use of biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques to increase the phytoremediative potential of already existing plants used for this purpose Dietz and Schnoor, ; Cherian and Oliveira, ; Lal and Srivastava, ; Behera, Thus, an integrated approach toward phytoremediation may lead to the desired results. The mechanisms of action of melatonin is not clearly understood in plants; however, it modifies plant growth and development by acting as an antioxidant, membrane stabilizer, and by up and down regulating gene expression.
Some of melatonin actions in plants may be receptor-mediated while others are receptor-independent. Recently, Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz suggested that melatonin performs some of its functions in plants by actions similar to those of indoleacetic acid IAA.
In plants, this aspect is a missing link in understanding the biological functions of melatonin and it requires the attention of plant scientists. Some successful examples of transgenic plants having introduced genes from vertebrates have shown substantially elevated concentrations of melatonin. In the future, additional transgenic crops will likely be produced, and the altered biosynthesis of melatonin in these plants may be used as a tool to induce resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses leading to increased crop yields.
Also, considering the importance and therapeutic value of melatonin for humans, the pharmaceutical industry should capitalize on the potential human benefits of related pharmaceutical preparations for humans, animals and plants. Presumably, in the future we will see fruits and vegetables with higher levels of melatonin produced by the combination of conventional and modern breeding approaches. Few reports are available related to the possible role of melatonin in helping to control diseases and insects; this area of research should be aggressively explored with a definition of the specific defense mechanisms.
This information could lead to the use of melatonin on a commercial scale. Melatonin enhances the phytoremediative capacity of plants, but further studies are required. Whether melatonin improves the phytoremediative capacity of the hyperaccumulator plant species would be important to document, and if so mechanism involved would require definition. It has been widely reported that application of melatonin promotes root growth but the roles of melatonin in nutrient uptake still needs to be investigated; to date no reports have been published clarifying the interactions between melatonin and nutrient uptake and transport.
Similarly, very limited information is available on the response of foliar applications of melatonin to its absorption and modification of plant growth and development. Although melatonin is ubiquitously distributed in plants, it is not known whether all plant organs synthesize this indoleamine. Its mechanism of transport throughout the plant also must be explored. As many scientists have observed the auxin-like activity of melatonin along with its pleiotropic functions in animals and plants. Further detailed investigations on the possible role of melatonin in in vitro plant propagation, propagation through cutting, grafting and vascular reunion, flower development, enhancing male to female ratio in vegetables cucurbits , improvement of fruit setting, fruit development, parthenocarpy, fruit drop a major issue in commercially important fruit crops like citrus, mango, guava, etc.
Root treatment of melatonin may help to improve the success ratio and initial root development and growth of crops which require nursery transplanting rice, tomato, chilies, cabbage, cauliflower, eggplant etc. The role of melatonin in grafted plants also should be investigated; do different scion stock combinations affect the concentration of melatonin in roots and shoots alternatively? Recently, scientists have documented an active role of auxin in grafting and vascular connection establishment Melnyk et al.
- Browse issues.
- Dark Clouds of the Morning.
- Login using.
While the physiological and biochemical roles of melatonin in plants are in part clarified, there is not a single study related to melatonin specific synthesis or action inhibitors or the presence or absence of melatonin receptors in plants; this is an area worthy of investigation Figure 2. Keeping in mind the physiological, biochemical, and genetic and epigenetic actions of melatonin in multiple organisms, it seems melatonin may prove to be an important molecule to influence especially field crops, and may prove helpful in increasing crops yields and the nutraceutical value helping to address the food security issues around the world.
Summary of functions of melatonin in plants. Aspects given at base of figure still need to be explored. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer Yong-Zhong Liu declares that, despite being affiliated with the same institute as the authors Muhammad A. Melatonin-mitochondrial interplay in health and diseases.
- Towards Relational Sociology (International Library of Sociology)!
- THE INTERNATIONAL DOPE DEALERS (From Fort Wayne, Indiana).
- The Time Is Now.
Melatonin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis: Estimation of scavenging capacity of melatonin and other antioxidants: The physiological function of melatonin in plants. Chemical stress by different agents affects the melatonin content of barley roots. Growth conditions determine different melatonin levels in Lupinus albus L. Functions of melatonin in plants: Melatonin, serotonin, and tryptamine in some Egyptian food and medicinal plants. Role of melatonin in alleviating cold stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mitotic arrest by melatonin. Springer International Publishing , 65— Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure.
A review of control methods and resistance mechanisms in stored-product insects. Detection and quantification of the antioxidant melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton tart cherries Prunus cerasus. Melatonin synthesis in rice seedlings in vivo is enhanced at high temperatures and under dark conditions due to increased serotonin N-acetyltransferase and N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase activities. An increase in melatonin in transgenic rice causes pleiotropic phenotypes, including enhanced seedling growth, delayed flowering, and low grain yield.
Molecular cloning and functional analysis of serotonin N-acetyltransferase from the Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. Predominance of 2-hydroxymelatonin over melatonin in plants. Improved abiotic stress tolerance of bermudagrass by exogenous melatonin. Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Transgenic plants in phytoremediation: Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Structural and functional evolution of the pineal melatonin system in vertebrates. Melatonin from different fruit sources, functional roles, and analytical methods.
Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of membranes. Detection and quantification of melatonin and serotonin in eight sweet cherry cultivars Prunus avium L. The presence and function of melatonin and structurally-related indoleamines in a dinoflagellate, a hypothesis on the evolutionary significance of these tryptophan metabolites in unicellular.
China: Perspectives of A Transplanted Mango [Su Dai] on donnsboatshop.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The author calls herself a mango, yellow on the. China: Perspectives of a Transplanted Mango. The author calls herself a mango, yellow on the outside and yellow on the inside. She is Chinese, a.
Melatonin and the theories of aging: Melatonin and circadian oscillators in aging—a dynamic approach to the multiple connected players. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Sign In or Create an Account. Browse issues Year Close mobile search navigation Issue navigation. Expand Expand Original Articles. Expand Expand Clinical Science. Intra- and Extracorporeal Treatments of Kidney Failure. Henderson ; Alan D. Clearance of middle molecules during haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration: Leypoldt ; Clifford J.
Holmes ; Peter Rutherford. Echocardiographic abnormalities in dialysis patients with normal ejection fraction Darren Green ; Paul R. Kalra ; Philip A. Proximal renal tubular acidosis: Haque ; Gema Ariceta ; Daniel Batlle. Fervenza ; Sanjeev Sethi ; Richard J.
Asking the question again: Kamel ; Martin Schreiber. Medical options to fight mortality in end-stage renal disease: Current state of intensive hemodialysis: Schachter ; Christopher T. Neutrophil serine proteases mediate inflammatory cell recruitment by glomerular endothelium and progression towards dysfunction Sahithi J. Kuravi ; Anne Bevins ; Simon C. Satchell ; Lorraine Harper ; Julie M. Sinha ; Charles Turner ; R.