Warthog (P)
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After a broad review of its tactical force structure, the U. Air Force decided to adopt a low-cost aircraft to supplement the F-4 and F It first focused on the Northrop F-5 , which had air-to-air capability. However, this aircraft doubled in cost with demands for an upgraded engine and new avionics.
There Was No Way a P-51 Mustang Could Replace the A-10 Warthog
First used in its intended role as a transport, it was soon modified in the field to carry more machine guns in what became known as the helicopter gunship role. This proved effective against the lightly armed enemy, and new gun and rocket pods were added. Soon the AH-1 Cobra was introduced. This was an attack helicopter armed with long-range BGM TOW missiles able to destroy tanks from outside the range of defensive fire. The helicopter was effective, and prompted the U.
The Cobra was a quickly made helicopter based on the UH-1 Iroquois, though, and in the late s the U. Army was designing the Lockheed AH Cheyenne , a much more capable attack aircraft with greater speed. These developments worried the USAF, which saw the anti-tank helicopter overtaking its nuclear-armed tactical aircraft as the primary anti-armor force in Europe. A Air Force study of existing close air support CAS capabilities revealed gaps in the escort and fire suppression roles, which the Cheyenne could fill.
The study concluded that the service should acquire a simple, inexpensive, dedicated CAS aircraft at least as capable as the A-1, and that it should develop doctrine, tactics, and procedures for such aircraft to accomplish the missions for which the attack helicopters were provided.
On 8 September , General John P. The objective was to create a design study for a low-cost attack aircraft. The threat of Soviet armored forces and all-weather attack operations had become more serious. Production As were built by Fairchild in Hagerstown, Maryland. The first production A flew in October , and deliveries commenced in March It included a second seat for a weapons system officer responsible for electronic countermeasures ECM , navigation and target acquisition.
The two-seat trainer version was ordered by the Air Force in , but funding was canceled by U. Congress and the jet was not produced. Production continued and reached a peak rate of 13 aircraft per month. By , airplanes, including two prototypes and six development aircraft, had been delivered. When A full-rate production was first authorized the aircraft's planned service life was 6, hours. Fatigue testing for the new target quickly discovered serious cracks at Wing Station 23 WS23 where the outboard portions of the wings are joined to the fuselage. The first production change was to add cold working at WS23 to address this problem.
Soon after that, the Air Force determined that the real-world A fleet fatigue was more harsh than estimated, forcing them to change their fatigue testing, introducing "spectrum 3" equivalent flight-hour testing. Spectrum 3 fatigue testing started in This round of testing quickly determined that more drastic reinforcement would be needed. The second change in production, starting with aircraft , was to increase the thickness of the lower skin on the outer wing panels.
A tech order was issued to retrofit the "thick skin" to the whole fleet, but the tech order was rescinded after roughly planes, leaving about planes with the original "thin skin". Starting with aircraft , cold working at WS0 was performed, and this retrofit was performed on earlier aircraft. A fourth, even more drastic change was initiated with aircraft , again to address the problems discovered with spectrum 3 testing.
This change increased the thickness on the lower skin on the center wing panel, but it required modifications to the lower spar caps to accommodate the thicker skin. The Air Force determined that it was not economically feasible to retrofit earlier planes with this modification. The A has received many upgrades since entering service.
In , the A received the Pave Penny laser receiver pod, which receives reflected laser radiation from laser designators to allow the aircraft to deliver laser guided munitions.
The Pave Penny pod is carried on a pylon mounted below the right side of the cockpit and has a clear view of the ground. In the early s, the A began to receive the Low-Altitude Safety and Targeting Enhancement LASTE upgrade, which provided computerized weapon-aiming equipment, an autopilot, and a ground-collision warning system. In , aircraft began receiving Global Positioning System navigation systems and a multi-function display.
In , Grumman Aerospace took over support for the A program. Over the next few years, problems with wing structure fatigue, first noticed in production years earlier, began to come to the fore. During inspections in and , cracks at the WS23 location were found on many aircraft, most of them in line with updated predictions from However, two of these were classified as "near-critical" size, well beyond predictions.
In August , Grumman produced a new plan to address these issues and increase life span to 16, hours. Over time, additional aspects were added to HOG UP, including new fuel bladders, changes to the flight control system, and inspections of the engine nacelles. In , the cracks were reclassified as "critical", which meant they were considered repairs and not upgrades, which allowed bypassing normal acquisition channels for more rapid implementation.
An independent review of the HOG UP program at this point concluded that the data on which the wing upgrade relied could no longer be trusted. This independent review was presented in September Shortly thereafter, fatigue testing on a test wing failed prematurely and also mounting problems with wings failing in-service inspections at an increasing rate became apparent.
The common warthog is the only pig species that has adapted to grazing and savanna habitats. United States Air Force. It needs regular access to waterholes and so may occur near villages and places where water seeps to the surface in otherwise dry areas. Any interior surface of the tub directly exposed to the pilot is covered by a multi-layer nylon spall shield to protect against shell fragmentation. Learn more about Amazon Prime.
The Air Force estimated that they would run out of wings by In , a business case was developed with three options to extend the life of the fleet. In , option 3 was chosen and Boeing won the contract. The new wings improved mission readiness, decreased maintenance costs, and allowed the A to be operated up to if necessary.
In , the entire fleet of A and OA aircraft began receiving the Precision Engagement upgrades including an improved fire control system FCS , electronic countermeasures ECM , and smart bomb targeting. The aircraft receiving this upgrade were redesignated AC. Throughout its life, the platform's software has been upgraded several times, and although these upgrades were due to be stopped as part of plans to retire the A in February , Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James ordered that the latest upgrade, designated Suite 8, continue in response to Congressional pressure.
Suite 8 software includes IFF Mode 5 , which modernizes the ability to identify the A to friendly units. In , Air Combat Command requested the testing of a gallon external fuel tank which would extend the A's loitering time by 45—60 minutes; flight testing of such a tank had been conducted in , but did not involve combat evaluation. Over 30 flight tests were conducted by the 40th Flight Test Squadron to gather data on the aircraft's handling characteristics and performance across different load configurations.
Common warthog - Wikipedia
It was reported that the tank slightly reduced stability in the yaw axis, but there was no decrease in aircraft tracking performance. The A has a cantilever low-wing monoplane wing with a wide chord. The wing also allows short takeoffs and landings , permitting operations from primitive forward airfields near front lines. The leading edge of the wing has a honeycomb structure panel construction, providing strength with minimal weight; similar panels cover the flap shrouds, elevators, rudders and sections of the fins.
The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in grassland, savanna, and woodland in sub-Saharan Africa. In the past, it was commonly treated as a subspecies of P. aethiopicus, but . The desert warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the pig family (Suidae), found in northern Kenya and Somalia, and possibly Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. This is the range of the extant subspecies, commonly known as the Somali warthog (P. a. delamerei).
Combat experience has shown that this type of panel is more resistant to damage. The skin is not load-bearing, so damaged skin sections can be easily replaced in the field, with makeshift materials if necessary. The ailerons are larger than is typical, almost 50 percent of the wingspan , providing improved control even at slow speeds; the aileron is also split, making it a deceleron.
The A is designed to be refueled, rearmed, and serviced with minimal equipment.
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The sturdy landing gear, low-pressure tires and large, straight wings allow operation from short rough strips even with a heavy aircraft ordnance load, allowing the aircraft to operate from damaged airbases, flying from taxiways, or even straight roadway sections. Turning to the right on the ground takes less distance than turning left.
All landing gears are hinged toward the aircraft's rear; if hydraulic power is lost, a combination of gravity and aerodynamic drag can open and lock the gear in place. It has double-redundant hydraulic flight systems, and a mechanical system as a back up if hydraulics are lost. Flight without hydraulic power uses the manual reversion control system; pitch and yaw control engages automatically, roll control is pilot-selected. In manual reversion mode, the A is sufficiently controllable under favorable conditions to return to base, though control forces are greater than normal. The aircraft is designed to be able to fly with one engine, one half of the tail, one elevator, and half of a wing missing.
The armor makes up almost 6 percent of the aircraft's empty weight. Any interior surface of the tub directly exposed to the pilot is covered by a multi-layer nylon spall shield to protect against shell fragmentation. The A's durability was demonstrated on 7 April when Captain Kim Campbell , while flying over Baghdad during the invasion of Iraq , suffered extensive flak damage. Iraqi fire damaged one of her engines and crippled the hydraulic system, requiring the aircraft's stabilizer and flight controls to be operated via the 'manual reversion mode.
The A was intended to fly from forward air bases and semi-prepared runways with high risk of foreign object damage to the engines.
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International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences African swine fever in warthogs Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association Chelsea Green Publishing Company, Vermont. The Afrotropical suids Phacochoerus, Hylochoerus and Potamochoerus. The Trendrine Press, Zennog, Cornwall. Status Assessment Survey on Wildlife in Djibouti. Postnatal growth and physical condition of warthogs Phacochoerus aethiopicus in Zululand. South African Journal of Wildlife Research Warthog as an introduced species in the Eastern Cape. Monographie des warzenschweines Phacochoerus aethiopicus.
Historical incidence of the larger land mammals in the broader Eastern Cape. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria. The sustainability of harvesting a warthog population: A conservation assessment of Phacochoerus africanus. Do Linh San, E. The Warthogs P hacochoerus africanus and P. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan , pp. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. Los Angeles, University of California Press. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. The Gale Group Inc. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Communication and Expression in Hoofed Mammals. Natural Resources, Land Use, and Conservation. Anhui musk deer M.
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Sylvicultor Zebra duiker C. East African oryx O.
Family Bovidae subfamily Caprinae. Family Bovidae subfamily Bovinae. Family Bovidae subfamily Antilopinae. Bates's pygmy antelope N. Giant forest hog H. Palawan bearded pig S. Retrieved from " https: Articles with 'species' microformats Use dmy dates from January Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. This page was last edited on 12 September , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin ,