Mapping the Maze, A Guide to Welfare for Elderly Immigrants
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Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. View or edit your browsing history. Get to Know Us. Delivery and Returns see our delivery rates and policies thinking of returning an item? See our Returns Policy. During the reign of Christian IV between and , Copenhagen had dramatic growth as a city. On his initiative at the beginning of the 17th century, two important buildings were completed on Slotsholmen: To foster international trade, the East India Company was founded in To the east of the city, inspired by Dutch planning, the king developed the district of Christianshavn with canals and ramparts.
It was initially intended to be a fortified trading centre but ultimately became part of Copenhagen. By , Copenhagen had asserted its position as capital of Denmark and Norway. All the major institutions were located there, as was the fleet and most of the army. The defences were further enhanced with the completion of the Citadel in and the extension of Christianshavns Vold with its bastions in , leading to the creation of a new base for the fleet at Nyholm.
Copenhagen lost around 22, of its population of 65, to the plague in Along with the fire , it is the main reason that few traces of the old town can be found in the modern city. A substantial amount of rebuilding followed. In , work began on the royal residence of Christiansborg Palace which was completed in In , development of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden was initiated.
Designed by Nicolai Eigtved in the Rococo style, its centre contained the mansions which now form Amalienborg Palace. In the second half of the 18th century, Copenhagen benefited from Denmark's neutrality during the wars between Europe's main powers, allowing it to play an important role in trade between the states around the Baltic Sea. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack. The Second Battle of Copenhagen or the Bombardment of Copenhagen 16 August — 5 September was from a British point of view a preemptive attack on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the Dano-Norwegian fleet.
Particularly notable was the use of incendiary Congreve rockets containing phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished with water that randomly hit the city. Few houses with straw roofs remained after the bombardment. The largest church, Vor frue kirke , was destroyed by the sea artillery. Several historians consider this battle the first terror attack against a major European city in modern times. The British landed 30, men, they surrounded Copenhagen and the attack continued for the next three days, killing some 2, civilians and destroying most of the city.
Despite the disasters of the early 19th century, Copenhagen experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the Danish Golden Age. Painting prospered under C. Eckersberg and his students while C. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, as not only were the old ramparts out of date as a defence system but bad sanitation in the old city had to be overcome. From , the west rampart Vestvolden was flattened, allowing major extensions to the harbour leading to the establishment of the Freeport of Copenhagen — The spread of housing to areas outside the old ramparts brought about a huge increase in the population.
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In , Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately , people. By , it had some , inhabitants. By the beginning of the 20th century, Copenhagen had become a thriving industrial and administrative city. With its new city hall and railway station , its centre was drawn towards the west. As a result of Denmark's neutrality in the First World War , Copenhagen prospered from trade with both Britain and Germany while the city's defences were kept fully manned by some 40, soldiers for the duration of the war. In the s there were serious shortages of goods and housing.
Plans were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid of the worst of the city's slum areas. German leader Adolf Hitler hoped that Denmark would be "a model protectorate " [43] and initially the Nazi authorities sought to arrive at an understanding with the Danish government.
The Danish parliamentary election was also allowed to take place, with only the Communist Party excluded. But in August , after the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in Copenhagen Harbor by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent their use by the Germans.
Around that time the Nazis started to arrest Jews , although most managed to escape to Sweden. Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building. The attack, known as " Operation Carthage ", came on 22 March , in three small waves. In the first wave, all six planes carrying one bomb each hit their target, but one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg Girls School. Because of this crash, four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the military target and aimed their bombs at the school, leading to the death of civilians of which 87 were schoolchildren.
On 8 May Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops commanded by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery who supervised the surrender of 30, Germans situated around the capital. Shortly after the end of the war, an innovative urban development project known as the Finger Plan was introduced in , encouraging the creation of new housing and businesses interspersed with large green areas along five "fingers" stretching out from the city centre along the S-train routes.
Motor traffic in the city grew significantly and in the trams were replaced by buses. From the s, on the initiative of the young architect Jan Gehl , pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre. Copenhagen Airport underwent considerable expansion, becoming a hub for the Nordic countries.
In the s, large-scale housing developments were realized in the harbour area and in the west of Amager. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area spanning both nations. The bridge has brought about considerable changes in the public transport system and has led to the extensive redevelopment of Amager. Educational institutions have also gained importance, especially the University of Copenhagen with its 35, students.
They consist mainly of residential housing and apartments often enhanced with parks and greenery. Copenhagen rests on a subsoil of flint-layered limestone deposited in the Danian period some 60 to 66 million years ago. Some greensand from the Selandian is also present. There are a few faults in the area, the most important of which is the Carlsberg fault which runs northwest to southeast through the centre of the city.
Geologically Copenhagen lies in the northern part of Denmark where the land is rising because of post-glacial rebound. It is located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre. The beaches are supplemented by a system of Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge and has won international acclaim for its design. Apart from slightly higher rainfall from July to September, precipitation is moderate.
While snowfall occurs mainly from late December to early March, there can also be rain, with average temperatures around the freezing point. June is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about eight hours of sunshine a day. By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than two per day in November and only one and a half per day from December to February. In the spring, it gets warmer again with four to six hours of sunshine per day from March to May. February is the driest month of the year. Because of Copenhagen's northern latitude, the number of daylight hours varies considerably between summer and winter.
On the summer solstice, the sun rises at On the winter solstice, it rises at There is therefore a difference of 10 hours and 31 minutes in the length of days and nights between the summer and winter solstices. Municipalities are responsible for a wide variety of public services , which include land-use planning, environmental planning, public housing, management and maintenance of local roads, and social security. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor , a council, and an executive.
Copenhagen Municipality is by far the largest municipality, with the historic city at its core. The second largest municipality is Frederiksberg, an enclave within Copenhagen Municipality. Copenhagen Municipality is divided into ten districts bydele: Most of Denmark's top legal courts and institutions are based in Copenhagen. A modern style court of justice , Hof- og Stadsretten , was introduced in Denmark, specifically for Copenhagen, by Johann Friedrich Struensee in Handling civil and criminal cases from the subordinate courts, it has two chambers which each hear all types of cases.
The building also contains administration, management, emergency department and radio service offices. Use of these rooms does not lead to prosecution; the city treats drug use as a public health issue, not a criminal one. The Copenhagen Fire Department forms the largest municipal fire brigade in Denmark with some fire and ambulance personnel, administration and service workers, and 35 workers in prevention.
After the passing of the Copenhagen Fire Act on 18 May , on 1 August the Copenhagen Fire Brigade became a municipal institution in its own right. Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world. Copenhagen aims to be carbon-neutral by Commercial and residential buildings are to reduce electricity consumption by 20 percent and 10 percent respectively, and total heat consumption is to fall by 20 percent by Renewable energy features such as solar panels are becoming increasingly common in the newest buildings in Copenhagen.
District heating will be carbon-neutral by , by waste incineration and biomass. New buildings must now be constructed according to Low Energy Class ratings and in near net-zero energy buildings. The city's architectural planning authorities continue to take full account of these priorities. Special attention is given both to climate issues and efforts to ensure maximum application of low-energy standards. Priorities include sustainable drainage systems , [93] recycling rainwater , green roofs and efficient waste management solutions.
In city planning, streets and squares are to be designed to encourage cycling and walking rather than driving. Copenhagen is the most populous city in Denmark and one of the most populous in the Nordic countries. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of Copenhagen residents.
There are also several other Christian communities in the city, of which the largest is Roman Catholic. Foreign migration to Copenhagen, rising over the last three decades, has contributed to increasing religious diversity; the Grand Mosque of Copenhagen , the first in Denmark, opened in For a number of years, Copenhagen has ranked high in international surveys for its quality of life. Its stable economy together with its education services and level of social safety make it attractive for locals and visitors alike.
Although it is one of the world's most expensive cities, it is also one of the most liveable with its public transport, facilities for cyclists and its environmental policies. Despite a top score for quality of living, its scores were low for employer activity and affordability. Copenhagen is the major economic and financial centre of Denmark. The city's economy is based largely on services and commerce. Statistics for show that the vast majority of the , workers in Copenhagen are employed in the service sector , especially transport and communications, trade, and finance, while less than 10, work in the manufacturing industries.
The public sector workforce is around ,, including education and healthcare. Several financial institutions and banks have headquarters in Copenhagen, including Alm. Copenhagen is also home to a number of international companies including A. Life science is a key sector with extensive research and development activities.
Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on research and development within the field of biotechnology, [] and the Medicon Valley initiative aims to strengthen this position and to promote cooperation between companies and academia. Many major Danish companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck , both of which are among the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the world , are located in this business cluster.
Shipping is another import sector with Maersk, the world's largest shipping company , having their world headquarters in Copenhagen. The city has an industrial harbour, Copenhagen Port. Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world. A beneficial researcher scheme with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour. It is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.
Denmark's Flexicurity model features some of the most flexible hiring and firing legislation in Europe, providing attractive conditions for foreign investment and international companies looking to locate in Copenhagen. The survey revealed considerable dissatisfaction in the level of dialogue companies enjoyed with the municipal authorities.
Tourism is a major contributor to Copenhagen's economy, attracting visitors due to the city's harbour, cultural attractions and award-winning restaurants. Since , Copenhagen has been one of the fastest growing metropolitan destinations in Europe. In , it is estimated that city break tourism contributed to DKK 2 billion in turnover.
The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of districts, each with its distinctive character and representing its own period. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance of water, its many parks, and the bicycle paths that line most streets.
The oldest section of Copenhagen's inner city is often referred to as Middelalderbyen the medieval city. It has the Amalienborg Palace at its centre and is dominated by the dome of Frederik's Church or the Marble Church and several elegant 18th-century Rococo mansions. They were built outside the old ramparts when the city was finally allowed to expand beyond its fortifications. Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, broken only by the spires and towers of its churches and castles.
Most characteristic of all is the Baroque spire of the Church of Our Saviour with its narrowing external spiral stairway that visitors can climb to the top. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. Not quite so high are the Renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange , so named because it resembles the intertwined tails of four dragons.
Copenhagen is recognised globally as an exemplar of best practice urban planning. These design outcomes have been deliberately achieved through careful replanning in the second half of the 20th century.
Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen [] both for Danish architecture and for works by international architects. For a few hundred years, virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen, but since the turn of the millennium the city and its immediate surroundings have seen buildings and projects designed by top international architects. British design magazine Monocle named Copenhagen the World's best design city Copenhagen's urban development in the first half of the 20th century was heavily influenced by industrialisation.
After World War II, Copenhagen Municipality adopted Fordism and repurposed its medieval centre to facilitate private automobile infrastructure in response to innovations in transport, trade and communication. The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline.
Mapping the Maze, A Guide to Welfare for Elderly Immigrants
A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. Located near Copenhagen Airport , it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as the IT University and a high school. Copenhagen is a green city with many parks, both large and small. King's Garden Kongens Have , the garden of Rosenborg Castle , is the oldest and most frequented of them all.
Every year it sees more than 2. It serves as a sculpture garden with both a permanent display and temporary exhibits during the summer months. It is popular for sports fixtures and hosts several annual events including a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other open-air concerts, carnival and Labour Day celebrations, and the Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix , a race for antique cars. A historical green space in the northeastern part of the city is Kastellet , a well-preserved Renaissance citadel that now serves mainly as a park.
It houses a colony of tame grey herons and other waterfowl. In Copenhagen, many cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation. It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that by all citizens must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes. The historic centre of the city, Indre By or the Inner City, features many of Copenhagen's most popular monuments and attractions. The area known as Frederiksstaden , developed by Frederik V in the second half of the 18th century in the Rococo style, has the four mansions of Amalienborg , the royal residence, and the wide-domed Marble Church at its centre.
There are also several museums in the area including Thorvaldsen Museum dedicated to the 18th-century sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. It houses the Danish crown jewels and crown regalia , the coronation throne and tapestries illustrating Christian V's victories in the Scanian War.
Christianshavn lies to the southeast of Indre By on the other side of the harbour. The area was developed by Christian IV in the early 17th century. Impressed by the city of Amsterdam , he employed Dutch architects to create canals within its ramparts which are still well preserved today. Another interesting feature is Freetown Christiania , a fairly large area which was initially occupied by squatters during student unrest in Today it still maintains a measure of autonomy. The inhabitants openly sell drugs on "Pusher Street" as well as their arts and crafts.
Other buildings of interest in Christianshavn include the Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling steeple and the magnificent Rococo Christian's Church.
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Once a warehouse, the North Atlantic House now displays culture from Iceland and Greenland and houses the Noma restaurant, known for its Nordic cuisine. Vesterbro , to the southwest of Indre By, begins with the Tivoli Gardens , the city's top tourist attraction with its fairground atmosphere, its Pantomime Theatre , its Concert Hall and its many rides and restaurants.
Much of the activity is centred on Sankt Hans Torv. Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale, it was created by Edvard Eriksen and unveiled in Built by Christian IV , it is one of northern Europe's best preserved fortifications. There is also a windmill in the area. Its figures illustrate a Nordic legend.
Its landmarks include Copenhagen Zoo founded in with over species from all over the world and Frederiksberg Palace built as a summer residence by Frederick IV who was inspired by Italian architecture. Now a military academy, it overlooks the extensive landscaped Frederiksberg Gardens with its follies , waterfalls, lakes and decorative buildings. While a number of the earlier theatres are now closed, the Betty Nansen Theatre and Aveny-T are still active.
With its 53 aquariums, it is the largest facility of its kind in Scandinavia. Jensen Klint and completed in Apart from being the national capital, Copenhagen also serves as the cultural hub of Denmark and wider Scandinavia. Since the late s, it has undergone a transformation from a modest Scandinavian capital into a metropolitan city of international appeal in the same league as Barcelona and Amsterdam.
Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of international standing. The National Museum , Nationalmuseet , is Denmark's largest museum of archaeology and cultural history , comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike. Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and built around his personal collections.
Its main focus is classical Egyptian , Roman and Greek sculptures and antiquities and a collection of Rodin sculptures, the largest outside France. Louisiana is a museum of modern art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. Its collection of over 3, items includes works by Picasso , Giacometti and Dubuffet. The new Copenhagen Concert Hall opened in January Designed by Jean Nouvel , it has four halls with the main auditorium seating 1, people.
It is among the most modern opera houses in the world. It is also home to the Royal Danish Ballet. Founded in along with the theatre, it is one of the oldest ballet troupes in Europe, and is noted for its Bournonville style of ballet. Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years. One of Europe's top jazz festivals, the annual event features around concerts at venues with over , guests from Denmark and around the world.
The largest venue for popular music in Copenhagen is Vega in the Vesterbro district. It was chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine Live. The venue has three concert halls: This festival focuses on indie counterculture , experimental pop music and left field music combined with visual arts exhibitions.
Copenhagen is home to the "K-Town" punk and hardcore music community. Most of Denmarks's major publishing houses are based in Copenhagen. Michael Frayn 's play Copenhagen about the meeting between the physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg in is also set in the city. On 15—18 August , an oral literature conference took place in Copenhagen as part of the 9th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences.
The Royal Library , belonging to the University of Copenhagen , is the largest library in the Nordic countries with an almost complete collection of all printed Danish books since Founded in , the Royal Library is located at four sites in the city, the main one being on the Slotsholmen waterfront. Copenhagen has a wide selection of art museums and galleries displaying both historic works and more modern contributions. They include Statens Museum for Kunst , i. Kunsthal Charlottenborg in the city centre exhibits national and international contemporary art. A number of notable sculptures can be seen in the city.
In addition to The Little Mermaid on the waterfront, there are two historic equestrian statues in the city centre: Copenhagen is believed to have invented the photomarathon photography competition, which has been held in the City each year since As of [update] , Copenhagen has 15 Michelin-starred restaurants, the most of any Scandinavian city. Nordic food with two Stars and Geranium with three. Noma, was ranked as the Best Restaurant in the World by Restaurant in , , , and again in , [] sparking interest in the New Nordic Cuisine. Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, ethnic and experimental restaurants.
The Copenhagen Baker's Association dates back to the s and Denmark's oldest confectioner's shop still operating, Conditori La Glace , was founded in in Skoubogade by Nicolaus Henningsen, a trained master baker from Flensburg. Copenhagen has long been associated with beer. Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises on the border between the Vesterbro and Valby districts since and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than breweries, many of which are located in Copenhagen.
Copenhagen has one of the highest number of restaurants and bars per capita in the world. Denmark has a very liberal alcohol culture and a strong tradition for beer breweries, although binge drinking is frowned upon and the Danish Police take driving under the influence very seriously. Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals, mainly in the summer.
Copenhagen Pride is a gay pride festival taking place every year in August. The Pride has a series of different activities all over Copenhagen, but it is at the City Hall Square that most of the celebration takes place. During the Pride the square is renamed Pride Square. Copenhagen has the two oldest amusement parks in the world. Dyrehavsbakken , a fair-ground and pleasure-park established in , is located in Klampenborg just north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as Dyrehaven. Created as an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by Christian IV , it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the world.
Pjerrot , a nitwit dressed in white with a scarlet grin wearing a boat-like hat while entertaining children, remains one of the park's key attractions. In Danish, Dyrehavsbakken is often abbreviated as Bakken. There is no entrance fee to pay and Klampenborg Station on the C-line , is situated nearby. It opened in , making it the second oldest amusement park in the world. Among its rides are the oldest still operating rollercoaster Rutschebanen from and the oldest ferris wheel still in use, opened in Copenhagen has over 94, students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions: The University of Copenhagen is Denmark's oldest university founded in It attracts some 1, international and exchange students every year.
The Academic Ranking of World Universities placed it 30th in the world in In , it was ranked as one of the leading technical universities in Northern Europe. The Danish Academy of Fine Arts has provided education in the arts for more than years. The city has a variety of sporting teams. Formed in , it is a merger of two older Copenhagen clubs, B from the inner suburb Gentofte and KB from Frederiksberg. Copenhagen has several handball teams —a sport which is particularly popular in Denmark.
Copenhagen Ice Skating Club founded in is the oldest ice hockey team in Denmark but is no longer in the top league.
