The Regeneration: Project Take Over Vol.1

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Once mapped, a series of critical questions can be asked that will generate hand-over options as the basis of agreements between the public, private, and other sectors civic, community to codify the regeneration process. This will help to ensure project continuity and clarity of roles, responsibilities, and interdependencies. The nature of the hand over differs depending on whether it is a private sector or public sector-led regeneration process.

In this regard, it should be noted that these roles can also change and reverse over the life of the project. Table below provides an example of the type of high-level summary table that can be created to illustrate the phases, roles, relationships, and organization necessary for a successful regeneration project. This can be expanded and adapted to meet the scope, focus, and local circumstances of the regeneration project.

Summary of phases and organization of a regeneration project. This will give the government and the community an indication of how development will be staged with infrastructure and services provision and will provide the reasoning for the chosen phasing order. The phasing of the development should be described, detailing which elements will be built first and which later, which decisions should be made early, and which should be allowed to evolve in response to future opportunities.

The phasing should be planned around the potential to deliver infrastructure. It should also take into account any relocation of people, sale or rental of land, the property market, possible movement issues, land ownership patterns, funding availability, and relevant planning processes and legislation. It is important to note that phasing a project does not mean that each phase should be done consecutively; in cases of extreme urgency, project phases could be implemented in parallel to each other.

However, this arrangement will need better coordination between various actors. An example of this is outlined in box below summarizes the alternative phasing strategy in the restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul. Parallel phasing strategy in restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream in Seoul is different from other case studies in this volume in that the planning and construction phases overlapped.

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The final design was completed during the construction period, which took two years and three months from the start date. The planning, design, and construction were done simultaneously and not linearly. The process was controversial, but it saved money and time.

This was crucial in the process of negotiating with merchants and commercial property owners, as they were concerned about disruption to their businesses and potential financial losses. By combining the planning, design, and construction phases, the time required for completion of the project was minimized.

The speed and low cost of the restoration works was outstanding compared to other cases in the world. Parker displaced thousands of largely African-American families, but provided them with no replacement housing because at the time the law did not provide for any. Also, the version of the project that was approved by the U. Replacement housing — particularly in the form of high-rise housing for low-income tenants — have not been successful. These projects are difficult to police, leading to an increase in crime, and such structures might in themselves be dehumanising. Louis became so bad that they had to be demolished.

The concept of urban renewal as a method for social reform emerged in England as a reaction to the increasingly cramped and unsanitary conditions of the urban poor in the rapidly industrializing cities of the 19th century. The agenda that emerged was a progressive doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically.

Another style of reform — imposed by the state for reasons of aesthetics and efficiency — could be said to have begun in , with the recruitment of Baron Haussmann by Louis Napoleon for the redevelopment of Paris. In the s, the Argentine government decided to build a new residential and commercial district to replace city's old port and docks. More than 50 skyscrapers have been built in the last 20 years. Puerto Madero is now Buenos Aires' most expensive and exclusive neighborhood.

The project aims to redevelop the port area, increasing the city center attractiveness as a whole and enhancing the city's competitiveness in the global economy. The history of Singapore's urban renewal goes back to the time period surrounding the Second World War. Before the war, Singapore's housing environment had already been a problem.

The tension of both infrastructure and housing conditions were worsened by the rapidly increasing number of the Singapore population in the s. As a consequence of the war and the lack of economic development, between the s to the s, the previous evil of housing conditions continued to happen. As much as , squatters were placed in the Singapore during the s. It was caused by the movement of migrants, especially from peninsular Malaysia and the baby boom. Since the establishment of the Republic of Singapore , urban renewal has been included in the part of the national improvement policy that was urgently put in action.

Before that, the master plan had already been designed to solve the city problems. However, due to the lack of urban planning experts caused by the deficiency of professional staff, criticism came from many urban practitioners. The professional team recommended by the United Nations then was asked by the government to cope with the urban renewal matters and its redevelopment plan in Based on the UN assistance report, two pilot developments were initiated in the end of by the government.

These redevelopments then led to the success of Singapore's urban renewal because the government could provide sufficient amount of public housing and business areas.

The most recent project is Paya Lebar Quarter. This will be a centrally located international mixed-use development and a key catalyst to the URA masterplan to regenerate Paya Lebar. In the establishment of urban renewal programmes, some difficulties were experienced by the PAP government. The obstacles came from the resistance of people who used to live in the slums and squatters. It was reported by Singapore newspapers that those people were reluctant to be replaced.

This became the major problems of s redevelopment schemes. Another problem was that the government had to purchase the private land owned by the middle and upper society to make the land vacant and be used for redevelopment. From the s onwards, the terrible conditions of the urban poor in the slums of London began to attract the attention of social reformers and philanthropists, who began a movement for social housing.

The first area to be targeted was the notorious slum called the Devil's Acre near Westminster. This new movement was largely funded by George Peabody and the Peabody Trust and had a lasting impact on the urban character of Westminster. They are one of the earliest large-scale philanthropic housing developments in London.

Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts funded an experimental social housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street now demolished. What remained of the Devil's Acre on the other side of Victoria Street was cleared and further Peabody estates were built after the Cross Act of Like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard, creating a semi-private space within the estate functioning as recreation area.

The courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed to allow sunlight into the courtyards. The blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork and included architectural features such as lettering , glazing , fixtures and fittings. The estates built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, and fireplaces in some bedrooms.

The design was subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London. State intervention was first achieved with the passage of the Public Health Act of through Parliament. The Act focused on combating filthy urban living conditions that were the cause of disease outbreaks. It required all new residential construction to include running water and an internal drainage system and also prohibited the construction of shoddy housing by building contractors.

The slum clearance began in and included houses inhabited by 5, people.

The LCC architects designed 21 and Rowland Plumbe two of 23 blocks containing between 10 and 85 tenements each. A total of 1, tenements, mostly two or three-roomed, were planned to accommodate 5, persons. The project was hailed as setting "new aesthetic standards for housing the working classes" and included a new laundry, shops, and 77 workshops.

Urban renewal - Wikipedia

Churches and schools were preserved. Building for the project began in and it was opened by the Prince of Wales in The Tudor Walters Committee Report into the provision of housing and post-war reconstruction in the United Kingdom, was commissioned by Parliament as a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during the War; this was attributed to poor living conditions, a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period "you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes".

The report's recommendations, coupled with a chronic housing shortage after the First World War led to a government-led program of house building with the slogan 'Homes for Heroes'. Act which introduced the new concept of the state being involved in the building of new houses. With the onset of the Great Depression in , increased house building and government expenditure was used to pull the country out of recession.

The Housing Act of gave local councils wide-ranging powers to demolish properties unfit for human habitation or that posed a danger to health, and obligated them to rehouse those people who were relocated due to the large scale slum clearance programs. Cities with a large proportion of Victorian terraced housing - housing that was no longer deemed of sufficient standard for modern living requirements - underwent the greatest changes. Over 5, homes 25, residents in the city of Bristol were designated as redevelopment areas in and slated for demolition.

Although efforts were made to house the victims of the demolitions in the same area as before, in practice this was too difficult to fully implement and many people were rehoused in other areas, even different cities. In an effort to rehouse the poorest people affected by redevelopment, the rent for housing was set at an artificially low level, although this policy also only achieved mixed success. The Josefov neighborhood, or Old Jewish Quarter , in Prague was leveled and rebuilt in an effort at urban renewal between and Other programs, such as that in Castleford in the United Kingdom and known as The Castleford Project [18] seek to establish a process of urban renewal which enables local citizens to have greater control and ownership of the direction of their community and the way in which it overcomes market failure.

This supports important themes in urban renewal today, such as participation, sustainability and trust — and government acting as advocate and 'enabler', rather than an instrument of command and control. During the s the concept of culture -led regeneration gained ground. Examples most often cited as successes include Temple Bar in Dublin where tourism was attracted to a bohemian 'cultural quarter', Barcelona where the Olympics provided a catalyst for infrastructure improvements and the redevelopment of the water front area, and Bilbao where the building of a new art museum was the focus for a new business district around the city's derelict dock area.

The approach has become very popular in the UK due to the availability of lottery funding for capital projects and the vibrancy of the cultural and creative sectors. However, the arrival of Tate Modern in the London borough of Southwark may be heralded as a catalyst to economic revival in its surrounding neighborhood. In post-apartheid South Africa major grassroots social movements such as the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign and Abahlali baseMjondolo emerged to contest 'urban renewal' programs that forcibly relocated the poor out of the cities.

The politics of urban renewal which frequently relies on the state's dominance in the discourse of removing the character and infrastructure of older city cores, with that which is required by existing market based constituents has to be examined further. The push for progress and development destroys many things in its path, often indiscriminately, sometimes unwittingly. But no repressive efforts can be complete, consistent and fully successful, even in dominant hegemony.

The supernatural intrusions featured in these five films should tell us something about the impossibility of a coherent world of ideology and experience.

Urban renewal

Large scale urban renewal projects in the US started in the interwar period. Similarly, the efforts of Jacob Riis in advocating for the demolition of degraded areas of New York in the late 19th century was also formative. The redevelopment of large sections of New York City and New York State by Robert Moses between the s and the s was a notable and prominent example of urban redevelopment. Moses directed the construction of new bridges , highways , housing projects , and public parks. Other cities across the USA began to create redevelopment programs in the late s and s.

These early projects were generally focused on slum clearance and were implemented by local public housing authorities , which were responsible both for clearing slums and for building new affordable housing.

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The Housing Act of provided federal loans to cities to acquire and clear slum areas to be sold to private developers to redevelop in accordance with a plan prepared by the city normally with new housing , and grants to cover two-thirds of the portion of the city's costs in excess of the sale prices received from the developers. The phrase used at the time was "urban redevelopment".

Under the powerful influence of multimillionaire R. Mellon , Pittsburgh became the first major city to undertake a modern urban-renewal program in May Pittsburgh was infamous around the world as one of the dirtiest and most economically depressed cities, and seemed ripe for urban renewal.

A large section of downtown at the heart of the city was demolished, converted to parks, office buildings, and a sports arena and renamed the Golden Triangle in what was universally recognized as a major success. Some areas did improve, while other areas, such as East Liberty and the Hill District , declined following ambitious projects that shifted traffic patterns, blocked streets to vehicular traffic, isolated or divided neighborhoods with highways, and removed large numbers of ethnic and minority residents.

Because of the ways in which it targeted the most disadvantaged sector of the American population, novelist James Baldwin famously dubbed Urban Renewal "Negro Removal" in the s. The term "urban renewal" was not introduced in the USA until the Housing Act was again amended in That was also the year in which the U.

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