Managing Community Growth

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With Indian independence , despite the continuing work of Vinoba Bhave in encouraging grassroots land reform , India under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru adopted a mixed-economy approach, mixing elements of socialism and capitalism. During the fifties and sixties, India ran a massive community development programme with focus on rural development activities through government support. This was later expanded in scope and was called integrated rural development scheme [IRDP]. A large number of initiatives that can come under the community development umbrella have come up in recent years.

The main objective of community development in India remains to develop the villages and to help the villagers help themselves to fight against poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, etc.

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The beauty of Indian model of community development lies in the homogeneity of villagers and high level of participation. Community development became a part of the Ujamaa Villages established in Tanzania by Julius Nyerere , where it had some success in assisting with the delivery of education services throughout rural areas, but has elsewhere met with mixed success.

In the s and s, community development became a part of "Integrated Rural Development", a strategy promoted by United Nations Agencies and the World Bank. Central to these policies of community development were:. In the s, following critiques of the mixed success of "top down" government programs, and drawing on the work of Robert Putnam , in the rediscovery of social capital , community development internationally became concerned with social capital formation.

In particular the outstanding success of the work of Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh with the Grameen Bank from its inception in , has led to the attempts to spread microenterprise credit schemes around the world. Yunus saw that social problems like poverty and disease were not being solved by the market system on its own. Thus, he established a banking system which lends to the poor with very little interest, allowing them access to entrepreneurship.

Another alternative to "top down" government programs is the participatory government institution. Participatory governance institutions are organizations which aim to facilitate the participation of citizens within larger decision making and action implementing processes in society.

A case study done on municipal councils and social housing programs in Brazil found that the presence of participatory governance institutions supports the implementation of poverty alleviation programs by local governments.

The " human scale development " work of Right Livelihood Award -winning Chilean economist Manfred Max Neef promotes the idea of development based upon fundamental human needs, which are considered to be limited, universal and invariant to all human beings being a part of our human condition. He considers that poverty results from the failure to satisfy a particular human need, it is not just an absence of money. Whilst human needs are limited, Max Neef shows that the ways of satisfying human needs is potentially unlimited.

Satisfiers also have different characteristics: Max-Neef shows that certain satisfiers, promoted as satisfying a particular need, in fact inhibit or destroy the possibility of satisfying other needs: Synergic satisfiers, on the other hand, not only satisfy one particular need, but also lead to satisfaction in other areas: International organizations apply the term community in Vietnam to the local administrative unit, each with a traditional identity based on traditional, cultural, and kinship relations.

Social and economic development planning SDEP in Vietnam uses top-down centralized planning methods and decision-making processes which do not consider local context and local participation. The plans created by SDEP are ineffective and serve mainly for administrative purposes. Local people are not informed of these development plans.

Community development

PRA was used as a tool for mostly outsiders to learn about the local community, which did not effect substantial change. It also requires the local people to have an "initiative-taking" attitude. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Part of a series on Community. Community portal Social Welfare and Social Work portal. Community building Complete communities Community education Community engagement Community practice Organization workshop Rural community development Urbanism.

Archived from the original on 14 July Retrieved 7 July Archived from the original on Repositioning culture for development: Archived from the original PDF on 9 February Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law. General Assembly of the United Nations. Retrieved 12 July Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development".

Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health". Annual Review of Public Health. From process to outcomes 2nd ed. Wasted consensus-building and failed neighborhood participatory planning". Archived from the original on July 14, Retrieved July 6, Journal of the Community Development Society.

Progress in Development Studies. Supporters of Authoritarian Rule? Community Development Research Center, Brookings Institution Press, A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. The Rebirth of America's Urban Neighborhoods. Oxford University Press , , Ppbck. Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: University of Hawaii Press. Applied Research in the Quality of Life. The Making of an Empowering Profession. Community Development Journal January Retrieved from " https: Community building Community development.

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In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 15 August , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Part of a series on. Community studies Community psychology Computational sociology Cultural anthropology Internet studies Philosophy of social science Rural sociology Social geography Social philosophy Social sciences Sociocultural evolution Urban planning.

Affinity sociology Collectivism Community of interest Community of practice Community of place Community service Communitarianism Community politics Group sociology Group dynamics Imagined community Organization Sense of community Small-group communication Social capital Socialization Solidarity sociology. Community-based management Community building Community economic development Community development planning Community organizing. Community development ranges from small initiatives within a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community.

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Community development seeks to improve quality of life. Effective community development results in mutual benefit and shared responsibility among community members. Community development helps to build community capacity in order to address issues and take advantage of opportunities, find common ground and balance competing interests. Often when we think of community, we think in geographic terms.

Our community is the city, town or village where we live. When community is defined through physical location, it has precise boundaries that are readily understood and accepted by others. Defining communities in terms of geography, however, is only one way of looking at them. Communities can also be defined by common cultural heritage, language, and beliefs or shared interests.

These are sometimes called communities of interest. For example, many Aboriginal communities are part of a larger non-Aboriginal geography. In larger urban centres, communities are often defined in terms of particular neighbourhoods. For example, an individual can be part of a neighbourhood community, a religious community and a community of shared interests all at the same time.

Relationships, whether with people or the land, define a community for each individual.

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During the industrial era, development was strongly connected to increased speed, volume and size.

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