The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priests Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Je

The Holocaust by Bullets

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If Not Now, When? New York, Summit Books, Suite Francaise New York, Vintage, The Reader New York, Vintage If the differences between the people and some other society were particularly large in terms of religion, language, manners, customs, and so on, then such others were seen as less than fully human: Hypotheses suggesting that genocidal violence may have caused the extinction of Neanderthals have been offered by several authors, including Jared Diamond [11] and Ronald Wright.

Scholars of antiquity differentiate between genocide and gendercide , in which males were killed but the children particularly the girls and women were incorporated into the conquering group. Jones notes, "Chalk and Jonassohn provide a wide-ranging selection of historical events such as the Assyrian Empire 's root-and branch depredations in the first half of the first millennium BCE, and the destruction of Melos by Athens during the Peloponnesian War fifth century BCE , a gendercidal rampage described by Thucydides in his ' Melian Dialogue ' ". The Book of Numbers chapter 31 recounts that an army of Israelites killed every Midianite man but captured the women and children as plunder.

These were later killed at the command of Moses, with the exception of girls who had not slept with a man. The total number killed is not recorded but the number of surviving girls is recorded by the Book of Numbers as 32, A study suggests that a group of Anasazi in the American Southwest were killed in a genocide that took place circa CE.

Quoting Eric Margolis , Jones observes that in the 13th century the Mongol armies under Genghis Khan were genocidal killers [17] who were known to eradicate whole nations. In the end, half of the Mongol tribes were exterminated by Genghis Khan. Similarly, the Turko-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane was known for his extreme brutality and his conquests were accompanied by genocidal massacres. Impartially, however, Tamerlane also slaughtered Shi'ite Muslims, Jews and heathens. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, , were reportedly massacred.

The Congo Free State in central Africa was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium who extracted a fortune from the land by the use of forced labor of natives. Under his regime there were 2 to 15 million deaths among the Congolese people. As in the colonization of the Americas, new diseases hitherto unknown in the region, also led to a considerable number of deaths. Because the main motive for the killings was financial gain, it has been debated whether the term genocide describes these atrocities well; however, Robert Weisbord wrote in the Journal of Genocide Research in that attempting to eliminate a portion of the population is enough to qualify as genocide under the UN convention.

Ben Kiernan wrote in his book Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur on the French conquest of Algeria , that within 3 decades of the French conquest of Algeria in , war, famine and disease [ citation needed ] had reduced the original population from 3 million by a figure ranging from , to 1,, The war had killed approximately , indigenous Algerians since A long shadow of genocidal hatred persisted, provoking the French author to protest in that in Algeria, "we hear it repeated every day that we must expel the native and if necessary destroy him.

The Herero and Namaqua peoples of present-day Namibia endured a genocidal persecution between and while their homeland was under colonial rule as German South West Africa. An estimated 10, Namaqua were killed, [38] with estimates for the Herero ranging from 60, and , The order states "every Herero, with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot. I will no longer accept women or children, I will drive them back to their people [to die in the desert] or let them be shot at. Between and , the Zulu kingdom under Shaka Zulu laid waste to large parts of present-day South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Zulu armies often aimed not only at defeating enemies but at their total destruction. Those exterminated included prisoners of war, women, children and even dogs. According to historian David Stannard , over the course of more than four centuries from the s into the s, Europeans and white Americans "engaged in an unbroken string of genocide campaigns against the native peoples of the Americas. While it is uncertain how successful such attempts were against the target population, [50] historians have noted that, "history records numerous instances of the French, the Spanish, the British, and later on the American, using smallpox as an ignoble means to an end.

For smallpox was more feared by the Indian than the bullet: Some historians disagree that genocide, defined as a crime of intent, should be used to describe the colonization experience. Stafford Poole , a research historian, wrote: It is a good propaganda term in an age where slogans and shouting have replaced reflection and learning, but to use it in this context is to cheapen both the word itself and the appalling experiences of the Jews and Armenians , to mention but two of the major victims of this century.

We might ask, Did the Spanish lance lead to the death of 2 percent of the Indians, the arquebus 5 percent, the dog 12? Almost all sources provide that sickness made conquest and foreign domination easier, not just for the Spanish but for all European states. In doing so they refuse to accept that the colonization of America was genocidal by plan, not simply the tragic fate of populations lacking immunity to disease.

In the case of the Jewish Holocaust, no one denies that more Jews died of starvation, overwork, and disease under Nazi incarceration than died in gas ovens, yet the acts of creating and maintaining the conditions that led to those deaths clearly constitute genocide. Historian David Stannard writes that by the year , the destruction of the American aboriginal population down to just one-third of one percent of the total American population of 76 million was the most massive genocide in world history, and "there was, at last, almost no one left to kill.

The fires that consumed North America Indians were the fevers brought on by newly encountered diseases, the flashes of settlers' and soldiers' guns, the ravages of "firewater," the flames of villages and fields burned by the scorched-earth policy of vengeful Euro-Americans. Several works on the subject were released around the year to coincide with the th anniversary of Columbus' voyage. Chavez blamed Columbus for spearheading "the biggest invasion and genocide ever seen in the history of humanity.

The Conquest of the Desert was a military campaign mainly directed by General Julio Argentino Roca in the s, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia , then inhabited by indigenous peoples , killing more than 1, Contemporary sources indicate that it was a deliberate genocide by the Argentine government.

The Indian First Nation residential schools were primarily active following the passage of the Indian Act in , until , and were designed to remove children from the influence of their families and culture, and assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. There is something dramatically and basically wrong with that.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines , the first ruler of an independent Haiti , ordered the killing of the white population of French creoles on Haiti, which culminated in the Haiti massacre. According to Philippe Girard, "when the genocide was over, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent. Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to , killed.

The State of Sonora then offered a bounty on Apache scalps in Beginning in , the State of Chihuahua also offered a bounty of pesos per warrior, 50 pesos per woman and 25 pesos per child. The Mexican government's response to the various uprisings of the Yaqui tribe have been likened to genocide particularly under Porfirio Diaz. The Beothuks attempted to avoid contact with Europeans in Newfoundland by moving from their traditional settlements. John's, where she had been taken. During the American Indian Wars , the United States Army carried out a number of massacres and forced relocations of Indigenous peoples, acts that some scholars say constitute genocide.

The Sand Creek Massacre , which caused outrage in its own time, has been called genocide. General John Chivington led a man force of Colorado Territory militia in a massacre of 70— peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho , about two-thirds of whom were women, children, and infants. Chivington and his men took scalps and other body parts as trophies, including human fetuses and male and female genitalia.

Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians! I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. Kill and scalp all, big and little; nits make lice. Michno's study almost exclusively uses Army estimates. His follow-up book "Forgotten Battles and Skirmishes" covers over additional fights not included in these statistics.

According to the U. Bureau of the Census , between and , "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19, white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30, Indians.

The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate Chalk and Jonassohn argued that the deportation of the Cherokee tribe along the Trail of Tears would almost certainly be considered an act of genocide today. About 17, Cherokees—along with approximately 2, Cherokee-owned black slaves—were removed from their homes. American doctor and missionary Elizur Butler, who made the journey with one party, estimated 4, deaths.

Stannard estimates that during the forced removal from their homelands, following the Indian Removal Act signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in , Cherokee died, about half the total population. Archaeologist and anthropologist Ann F. Ramenofsky writes, " Variola Major can be transmitted through contaminated articles such as clothing or blankets.

In the nineteenth century, the U. Army sent contaminated blankets to Native Americans, especially Plains groups, to control the Indian problem. Peter "was guilty of contributing to the deaths of thousands of innocent people. The law calls his offense criminal negligence. Yet in light of all the deaths, the almost complete annihilation of the Mandans, and the terrible suffering the region endured, the label criminal negligence is benign, hardly befitting an action that had such horrendous consequences. In one such series of conflicts, the so-called Mendocino War and the subsequent Round Valley War , the entirety of the Yuki people were brought to the brink of extinction, from a previous population of some 3, people to fewer than According to Russell Thornton, estimates of the pre-Columbian population of California were at least ,, and perhaps as high as , By , due to Spanish and Mexican colonization and epidemics this number had decreased to , But from and up until the Indigenous population of California had fallen below 20,, primarily because of the killings.

He found evidence that during this period, at least 9, to 16, California Indians were killed by non-Indians. Most of these killings occurred in more than massacres defined as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise".

Abdur Rahman 's subjugation of the Hazara ethnic group in the late nineteenth century due to their fierce rebellion against the Afghan king gave birth to an intense feeling of hatred between the Pashtun and the Hazara that would last for years to come. Massive forced displacements, especially in Oruzgan and Daychopan , continued as lands were confiscated and populations were expelled or fled.

Hazara farmers were often forced to give up their property to Pashtuns [] and as a result many Hazara families had to move seasonally to the major cities in Afghanistan , Iran, or Pakistan in order to find jobs and sources of income. Quetta in Pakistan is home to the third largest settlements of Hazara outside Afghanistan. Mike Davis argues in his book Late Victorian Holocausts that quote; "Millions died, not outside the 'modern world system', but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures.

They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed many were murdered David characterizes the Indian famines under the British Raj , such as the Great Bengal famine of or the Great Famine of which took over 15 million lives as "colonial genocide. The Dzungar or Zunghar , Oirat Mongols who lived in an area that stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia most of which is located in present-day Xinjiang , were the last nomadic empire to threaten China, which they did from the early 17th century through the middle of the 18th century.

According to Qing scholar Wei Yuan , 40 percent of the , Zunghar people were killed by smallpox , 20 percent fled to Russia or sought refuge among the Kazakh tribes and 30 percent were killed by the Qing army of Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. Historian Michael Edmund Clarke has argued that the Qing campaign in —58 "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people".

In , after the Battle of Hakodate during the Boshin War , the new Meiji government renamed the Republic of Ezo Hokkaido, whose boundaries were formed by former members of the Tokugawa shogunate , and together with lands where the Ainu lived, they were unilaterally incorporated into Japan. It banned the Ainu language, took Ainu lands away, and prohibited the Ainu from engaging in salmon fishing and deer hunting.

Japan's native people, the Ainu, have, however, been the object of a particularly cruel hoax, because the Japanese have refused to accept them officially as a separate minority people. The Massacres of Badr Khan were conducted by Kurdish and Ottoman forces against the Assyrian Christian [ disambiguation needed ] population of the Ottoman Empire between and , resulting in the slaughter of more than 10, indigenous Assyrian civilians of the Hakkari region, with many thousands more sold into slavery.

Between and a series of ethno-religiously motivated Anti-Christian pogroms known as the Hamidian massacres were conducted against the ancient Armenian and Assyrian Christian populations by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. The death toll is estimated to have been as high as , people, [] [] with a further , Armenians and Assyrians made destitute by forced deportations of survivors from cities, and the destruction or theft of almost of their farmsteads towns and villages.

Hundreds of churches and monasteries were also destroyed or forcibly converted into mosques. During the April Uprising in Bulgaria against Ottoman rule, over 15, non-combatant Bulgarian civilians were massacred by the Ottoman army between and , with the worst single instance being the Batak massacre. A massacre of Armenian and Assyrian Christians in the city of Adana and its surrounds amidst the Ottoman countercoup of led to a series of anti-Christian pogroms throughout the province.

From to , the Greek genocide , Assyrian genocide , and Armenian genocide took place in the Ottoman Empire. Some historians consider these genocides to be a single event and refer to them as the late Ottoman genocides. The Russian Tsarist Empire waged war against Circassia in the Northwest Caucasus for more than one hundred years, trying to replace Circassia's hold along the Black Sea coast. After a century of insurgency and war and failure to end the conflict, the Tsar ordered the expulsion of most of the Muslim population of the North Caucasus.

Many Circassians , Western historians, Turks and Chechens claimed that the events of the s constituted one of the first modern genocides, in which a whole population was eliminated in order to satisfy the desires in this case economic of a powerful country. Antero Leitzinger flagged the affair the 19th century's largest genocide. Ossete Muslims and Kabardins generally did not leave. The modern Circassians and Abazins are descended from those who managed to escape the onslaught and another 1. Many more Circassians were killed by the policies of the Balkan states, primarily Serbia and Bulgaria , which became independent at that time.

In May , the then Russian President Boris Yeltsin admitted that resistance to the tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognize "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide". On 5 July , the Circassian Congress, an organisation that unites representatives of the various Circassian peoples in the Russian Federation, called on Moscow to acknowledge and apologize for the genocide. In there was an uprising of Kyrgyzstanis against Tsarist Russia in the territory now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of in which , to , Kyrgyzstanis were killed a genocide though Russia rejected this characterization.

The Crusade was primarily prosecuted by the French crown and it promptly took on a political flavour, resulting not only in a significant reduction in the number of practising Cathars, but also in a realignment of the County of Toulouse in Languedoc, bringing it into the sphere of the French crown and diminishing the distinct regional culture and high level of influence of the Counts of Barcelona. Raphael Lemkin , who in the 20th century coined the word " genocide ", [] referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".

Lerner argues that Pegg's classification of the Albigensian Crusade as a genocide is inappropriate, on the grounds that it "was proclaimed against unbelievers If Pegg wishes to connect the Albigensian Crusade to modern ethnic slaughter, well—words fail me as they do him. The Vendeans were no more blameless than were the republicans.

The use of the word genocide is wholly inaccurate and inappropriate. The force was initially under the command of Oliver Cromwell and it was later under the command of other parliamentary generals. The Army sought to secure the country, but also to confiscate the lands of Irish families that had been involved in the fighting. This became a continuation of the Elizabethan policy of encouraging Protestant settlement of Ireland, because the Protestant New Model army soldiers could be paid in confiscated lands rather than in cash.

During the Interregnum — , this policy was enhanced with the passing of the Act of Settlement of Ireland in Its goal was a further transfer of land from Irish to English hands. This policy was reflected in a phrase attributed to Cromwell: A small minority of historians regard the Irish Potato Famine — as an example of genocide.

During the Famine, Ireland produced enough food, flax, and wool to feed and clothe double its nine million people. Local food prices promptly dropped. Merchants lobbied against the export ban, but government in the s overrode their protests. There was no such export ban in the s.

Rice has also alleged that the British had committed genocide, also based on this retrospective application of Article 2. The claims were contested by Peter Gray, who concluded that UK government policy "was not a policy of deliberate genocide", but a dogmatic refusal to admit that the policy was wrong. Cecil Woodham-Smith claimed that while the export policy embittered the Irish, this did not implicate the policy in genocide, but rather in excessive parsimony obtuseness, short-sightedness, and ignorance.

Rubinstein also rejected the genocide claim. William Smith O'Brien, speaking on the subject of charity in a speech to the Repeal Association in February , applauded the fact that the universal sentiment on the subject of charity was that they would accept no English charity.

Despite Irish objections, a very considerably amount of relief supplies were in fact sent from England to Ireland. According to one report published in , in the British deliberately spread smallpox from the First Fleet in order to counter overwhelming native tribes near Sydney in New South Wales. The Black War was a period of conflict between British colonists and aboriginal Tasmanians in Van Diemen's Land now Tasmania in the early 19th century. The conflict, in combination with introduced diseases and other factors, had such devastating impacts on the aboriginal Tasmanian population that it was reported that they had been exterminated.

Lemkin and most other comparative genocide scholars present the extinction of the Tasmanian aborigines as a textbook example of a genocide, while the majority of Australian experts are more circumspect. On the Australian continent during the colonial period — , the population of ,—, Australian aborigines was reduced to fewer than 50, They proceeded to enslave some Moriori and kill and cannibalise others. If the districts were wanted by the invaders, they curtly informed the inhabitants that their land had been taken and the Moriori living there were now vassals.

A council of Moriori elders was convened at the settlement called Te Awapatiki. It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed — men, women and children indiscriminately. After the invasion, Moriori were forbidden to marry Moriori, or to have children with each other. All became slaves of the invaders. Many Moriori women had children by their Maori masters.

A small number of Moriori women eventually married either Maori or European men. Some were taken from the Chathams and never returned. Only Moriori out of a population of about 2, were left alive by In , during World War I , the concept of crimes against humanity was introduced into international relations for the first time when the Allied Powers sent a letter to the government of the Ottoman Empire , a member of the Central Powers , protesting massacres that were taking place within the Empire.

On 24 May , the Allied Powers Britain, France, and Russia jointly issued a statement that for the first time ever explicitly charged a government with committing a " crime against humanity " in reference to that regime's persecution of its Christian minorities, including Armenians , Assyrians and Greeks. This joint statement stated, "[i]n view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government , as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres.

The Armenian Genocide Armenian: It was implemented through wholesale massacres and deportations , with the deportations consisting of forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. The total number of resulting deaths is generally held to have been between one and one and a half million. The genocide began on 24 April , when Ottoman authorities arrested some Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople.

Thereafter, the Ottoman military uprooted Armenians from their homes and forced them to march for hundreds of miles, without food and water, to the desert of what is now Syria. Massacres ignored age and gender, with rape and other acts of sexual abuse being commonplace. Modern Turkey succeeded the Ottoman Empire in and vehemently denies that a genocide took place. It has resisted calls in recent years by scholars, countries and international organizations to acknowledge the crime.

The Armenian genocide is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. Lemkin coined "genocide" with the Armenian genocide in mind.

The Greek genocide [] refers to the fate of the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire during and in the aftermath of World War I — Like Armenians and Assyrians, the Greeks were subjected to various forms of persecution including massacres, expulsions , and death marches by Young Turks. Rendel of the British Foreign Office, among other diplomats, noted the massacres and deportations of Greeks during the post-Armistice period. The Dersim massacre refers to the depopulation of Dersim in Turkish Kurdistan , in —38, in which approximately 13,—40, Alevi Kurds [] [] were killed and thousands more were driven into exile.

A key component of the Turkification process was a policy of massive population resettlement. The main document, the Law on Resettlement , was used to target the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases, with disastrous consequences for the local population. Many Kurds and some ethnic Turks consider the events that took place in Dersim to constitute genocide. The Simele massacre Syriac: The term is used to describe not only the massacre in Simele , but also the killing spree that took place in 63 Assyrian villages in the Dohuk and Mosul districts which led to the deaths of between 5, [] and 6, [] [] Assyrians.

The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.

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The concept of the "crime of barbarity" evolved into the idea of genocide, and it was based on the Simele massacre and the Armenian Genocide , and it later included the Jewish Holocaust. Multiple documented instances of unnatural mass death occurred in the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. These include Union-wide famines in the early s and early s and deportations of ethnic minorities. Soviet diplomatic efforts removed the extermination of political groups from the United Nations Convention on Genocide. This left many of the Soviet atrocities outside the United Nations definition of genocide, because the atrocities targeted political or economic groups rather than the ethnic, racial, religious, or national groups listed in the UN convention.

During the Soviet famine of —33 that affected Ukraine , Kazakhstan and some densely populated regions of Russia , the highest scale of death was in Ukraine. The famine was caused by the confiscation of the whole harvest in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the Kuban a densely populated Russian region , and some other parts of the Soviet Union, leaving the peasants too little to feed themselves. As a result, an estimated ten million died, including over seven million in Ukraine, one million in the North Caucasus and one million elsewhere.

In addition to the requisitioning of crops and livestock in Ukraine, all food was confiscated by Soviet authorities. Any and all aid and food was prohibited from entering the Ukrainian republic. Ukraine's Yuschenko administration recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide and pushed international governments to acknowledge this. Several scholars write that the killing, on the basis of nationality and politics, of more than , ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union from —38 was genocide.

Under Stalin the NKVD's Polish operation soon arrested some ,, of whom , were shot and surviving family members deported to Kazakhstan. In practice abandoning its 'official socialist' ideology of the "fraternity of peoples", the Soviets in the Great Terror of — targeted "a national group as an enemy of the state. The Polish ethnic character of the operation quickly prevailed in practice On 26 February the plenary assembly of the European Parliament recognized the deportation of Chechen people during Operation Lentil 23 February , as an act of genocide, on the basis of the IV Hague Convention: The event began on 23 February , when the entire population of Checheno-Ingushetia was summoned to local party buildings where they were told they were to be deported as punishment for their alleged collaboration with the Germans.

The inhabitants were rounded up and imprisoned in Studebaker trucks and sent to Siberia. The mass deportations of up to 17, Lithuanians , 17, Latvians and 6, Estonians carried out by Stalin were allegedly the start of another genocide. Added to the killing of the Forest Brethren and the renewed Dekulakization that followed the Soviet reconquest of the Baltic states at the end of World War Two , the total number deported to Siberia was , from Lithuania , 52, from Latvia, and 32, from Estonia. Lithuania began holding trials for genocide in Latvia and Estonia followed in Estonia tried and convicted ten men and is investigating others.

In Lithuania by 23 cases were before the courts, but as of the end of the year none had been convicted. In Estonia charged Arnold Meri then 88 years old , a former Soviet Communist Party official and highly decorated former Red Army soldier, with genocide. Shortly after the trial opened, it was suspended because of Meri's frail health and then abandoned when he died. The ethnic cleansing [] [] [] and deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea was ordered by Joseph Stalin as a form of collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict during — A total of more than , people were deported the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population , of which more than , died from starvation or disease.

Ukraine recognizes the ethnic cleansing of the entire Tatar population as an act of genocide. During the Nanking massacre which was committed during the early months of the Second Sino-Japanese War , the Japanese committed mass killings against the Chinese. Bradley Campbell described the Nanking Massacre as a genocide, because the Chinese were unilaterally killed by the Japanese en masse during the aftermath of the battle for the city, despite its successful and certain outcome.

The name comes from claims that Trujillo had his soldiers show parsley to suspected Haitians and ask, "What is this? In Haitian Creole, the word for parsley is "persil". Those who mispronounced "perejil" were assumed to be Haitian and slaughtered. The program resulted in the deaths of 20, to 30, people.

In the s, the Kuomintang 's Republic of China government supported Muslim warlord Ma Bufang when he launched seven expeditions into Golog , causing the deaths of thousands of Tibetans. One Tibetan counted the number of times Ma attacked him, remembering the seventh attack that made life impossible.

The Holocaust is widely recognized as genocide. The term appeared in the indictment of 24 German leaders. Count three of the indictment stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide — namely, the extermination of racial and national groups The Holocaust was accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave laborers until they died.

When the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder , turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation. This gives a total of over 3.

These seven camps thus accounted for half the total number of Jews killed in the entire Nazi Holocaust. Virtually the entire Jewish population of Poland died in these camps. Since , the most commonly cited figure for the total number of Jews killed has been six million. The Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem , writes that there is no precise figure for the number of Jews killed, [] but it has been able to find documentation of more than three million names of Jewish victims killed, [] which it displays at its visitors center.

The figure most commonly used is the six million attributed to Adolf Eichmann, a senior SS official. There were about eight to ten million Jews in the territories controlled directly or indirectly by Germany the uncertainty arises from the lack of knowledge about how many Jews there were in the Soviet Union. The six million killed in the Holocaust thus represent 60 to 75 percent of these Jews. Of the , Jews in Germany and Austria in , only about a quarter survived. Although many German Jews emigrated before , the majority of these fled to Czechoslovakia , France or the Netherlands, from where they were later deported to their deaths.

In Czechoslovakia, Greece, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia, over 70 percent were killed. It is likely that a similar proportion were killed in Belarus and Ukraine, but these figures are less certain. Countries with notably lower proportions of deaths include Bulgaria , Denmark, France, Italy, and Norway. Albania was the only country occupied by Germany that had a significantly larger Jewish population in than in In addition to those who died in extermination camps, at least half a million Jews died in other camps, including the major concentration camps in Germany.

These were not extermination camps, but had large numbers of Jewish prisoners at various times, particularly in the last year of the war as the Nazis withdrew from Poland. About a million people died in these camps, and although the proportion of Jews is not known with certainty, it was estimated to be at least 50 percent. In the s, the opening of government archives in Eastern Europe resulted in the adjustment of the death tolls published in the pioneering work by Hilberg, Dawidowicz and Gilbert e. As pointed out above, Wolfgang Benz has been carrying out work on the more recent data.

He concluded in The goal of annihilating all of the Jews of Europe, as it was proclaimed at the conference in the villa Am Grossen Wannsee in January , was not reached. Yet the six million murder victims make the holocaust a unique crime in the history of mankind. The number of victims—and with certainty the following represent the minimum number in each case—cannot express that adequately.

Numbers are just too abstract. However they must be stated in order to make clear the dimension of the genocide: To these numbers must be added all those killed in the pogroms and massacres in Romania and Transitrien over , and the deported and murdered Jews from Albania and Norway, Denmark and Italy, from Luxembourg and Bulgaria. Some scholars broaden the definition to include other German killing policies during the war, including the mistreatment of Soviet POWs , crimes against ethnic Poles , euthanasia of mentally and physically disabled Germans , persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses , the killing of Romani , and other crimes committed against ethnic, sexual, and political minorities.

Drive towards the East ideology of German expansion to the east. As such, it was intended to be a part of the New Order in Europe.

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The civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany was estimated at Philimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures, he used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to the deaths of 7. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major part of the huge toll. The report of Philimoshin lists the deaths of civilian forced laborers in Germany as totaling 2,, Krivosheev in the report on military casualties gives a total of 1,, dead POWs.

The total of these two figures is 3,,, which is in close agreement with estimates by western historians of about 3 million deaths of prisoners in German captivity. The solution, as promulgated by Mile Budak , was to "kill one-third of the Serbs, expel one-third, and convert [to Roman Catholicism] one-third". Some historians believe that crimes committed against non-Serbs by Chetniks in Bosnia and Herzegovina constitute genocide.

The Intelligenzaktion "anti- intelligentsia action" was a highly secretive genocidal action of Nazi Germany against Polish elites primarily intelligentsia ; teachers, doctors, priests, community leaders etc. It was conducted as part of an attempt to complete the Germanization of the western regions of occupied Poland before their planned annexation.

The operation cost the lives of , Poles according to the Institute of National Remembrance. Adolf Hitler believed that the Polish elites might inspire the Poles to disobey their new German masters so he decreed that they had to be eliminated beforehand. Polish nobles , intelligentsia, teachers, entrepreneurs, social workers, military veterans, members of national organizations, priests, judges, political activists, and anyone who had attended secondary school. Several thousand civilians were executed or imprisoned. The Einsatzgruppen were also responsible for the indiscriminate killing of Poles during the German invasion of the Soviet Union which itself had invaded a sizeable portion of pre-WWII Polish territory , killing dozens of thousands of imprisoned Poles in turn.

Our strength is our quickness and our brutality Adolf Hitler , Obersalzberg Speech , given on 22 August , a week before the invasion. The massacres are recognized in Poland as ethnic cleansing with "marks of genocide". On 22 July , the Parliament of Poland passed a resolution declaring 11 July a National Day of Remembrance to honor the Polish victims murdered by Ukrainian nationalists, and formally calling the massacres a Genocide. The treatment of the Romani people was not consistent in the different areas that Nazi Germany conquered.

In some areas e. Luxembourg and the Baltic countries , the Nazis killed virtually the entire Romani population. In other areas e.

Denmark and Greece , there is no record of Romanis being subjected to mass killings. Donald Niewyk and Frances Nicosia write that the death toll was at least , out of the nearly one million Romani who resided in Nazi-controlled Europe. Holocaust Memorial Museum, calculated a death toll of at least , and possibly closer to ,, but this study explicitly excluded the Independent State of Croatia where the genocide of Romanies was intense.

Our starting-point is not the individual, and we do not subscribe to the view that one should feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty or clothe the naked—those are not our objectives. Our objectives are entirely different. They can be put most crisply in the sentence: Between and , 80, to , mentally ill adults in institutions were killed; 5, children in institutions; and 1, Jews in institutions. Georg Renno, the deputy director of Schloss Hartheim , one of the euthanasia centers or , according to Franz Ziereis , the commandant of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.

Along with the physically disabled, people suffering from dwarfism were persecuted as well. Many were put on display in cages and experimented on by the Nazis. Brandt was tried in December at Nuremberg , along with 22 others, in a case known as United States of America vs. Karl Brandt et al. He was hanged at Landsberg Prison on 2 June After WWII ended, about million [] [] [] Germans were forced to flee from or were expelled from several countries throughout Eastern and Central Europe including Russia , Romania , Czechoslovakia , Hungary and the prewar territory of Poland.

A large amount of them were also displaced when Germany's former eastern provinces were given to Poland as part of the Potsdam Agreement , regardless of those annexed lands being ethnically, politically, and culturally German for nearly a thousand years. The majority of these expelled and displaced Germans ended up in what remained of Germany, with some being sent to West Germany and others being sent to East Germany. The ethnic cleansing of the Germans was the largest displacement of a single European population in modern history.

Many German civilians were sent to internment and labor camps as well, where they often died. The events are usually classified as either a population transfer , [] [] or an ethnic cleansing. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire [] that led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan which later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh and the Union of India later the Republic of India on 15 August During the Partition, one of British India's greatest provinces, the Punjab Province, was split along communal lines into West Punjab and East Punjab later split into the three separate modern-day Indian states of Punjab , Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

West Punjab was formed out of the Muslim majority districts of the former British Indian Punjab Province while East Punjab was formed out of the Hindu and Sikh majority districts of the former province. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs who had co-existed for a millennium attacked each other in what is argued to be a retributive genocide [] of horrific proportions, accompanied by arson, looting, rape and abduction of women. The Indian government claimed that 33, Hindu and Sikh women were abducted, and the Pakistani government claimed that 50, Muslim women were abducted during riots.

By , there were governmental claims that 12, women had been recovered in India and 6, women had been recovered in Pakistan. This partition triggered off what was one of the world's largest mass migrations in modern history. However many people went missing. A study of the total population inflows and outflows in the districts of the Punjab, using the data provided by the and Census has led to an estimate of 1. Gangs of killers set whole villages aflame, hacking to death men and children and the aged while carrying off young women to be raped. By the time the violence had subsided, Hindus and Sikhs had been completely wiped out of Pakistan's West Punjab and similarly Muslims were completely wiped out of India's East Punjab.

Partition also affected other areas of the subcontinent besides the Punjab. Anti-Hindu riots took place in Hyderabad, Sind. On the 6th of January anti-Hindu riots broke out in Karachi, leading to an estimate of casualties. Anti-Muslim riots also rocked Delhi. According to Gyanendra Pandey's recent account of the Delhi violence between 20, and 25, Muslims in the city lost their lives. At the culmination of the tensions in Delhi , Muslims were forced to flee the city to Pakistan. The Census registered a drop of the Muslim population in Delhi from After the necessary 20 countries became parties to the Convention, it came into force as international law on 12 January At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council UNSC were parties to the treaty, which caused the Convention to languish for over four decades.

He stated that Australia's program in which 20—25, Aboriginal children were forcibly separated from their natural families [] was genocide, because it was intended to cause the Aboriginal people to die out. The program ran from to The intent and effects of the government policy were also disputed. In , towards the end of the Zanzibar Revolution —which led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government by local African revolutionaries— John Okello claimed in radio speeches to have killed or imprisoned tens of thousands of the Sultan's "enemies and stooges", [] but estimates of the number of deaths vary greatly, from "hundreds" to 20, The New York Times and other Western newspapers gave figures of 2—4,; [] [] the higher numbers possibly were inflated by Okello's own broadcasts and exaggerated media reports.

After independence was gained after the Algerian War the Harkis Muslims who supported the French during the war were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50, and , Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture. In Cambodia , a genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge KR regime led by Pol Pot between and in which an estimated one and a half to three million people died.

The KR policies of forced relocation of the population from urban centers, torture , mass executions, use of forced labor , malnutrition , and disease led to the death of an estimated 25 percent of the total population around 2 million people. During the Guatemalan civil war, between , and , people are estimated to have died and more than one million fled their homes and hundreds of villages were destroyed.

An academic consensus holds that the events that took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted genocide. A study estimated that up to , civilians died in the conflict; the authors noted that this is far higher than two earlier estimates. A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on 20 September for alleged war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide during by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators: On 21 May , at the request of the applicant the case was discontinued.

After Burundi gained its independence in , two events occurred which were labeled genocide. The first event was the mass-killing of Hutus by the Tutsi army in [] and the second event was the killing of Tutsis by the Hutu population in which was recognized as an act of genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in Several million people in North Korea have died of starvation since the mids , with aid groups and human rights NGOs often stating that the North Korean government has systematically and deliberately prevented food aid from reaching the areas most devastated by food shortages.

In , Yad Vashem called on the international community to investigate "political genocide" in North Korea. In September , a Harvard International Review article argued that the North Korean government was violating the UN Genocide Convention by systematically killing half-Chinese babies and members of religious groups.

Nguema's regime was characterized by its abandonment of all government functions except internal security, which was accomplished by terror; he acted as chief judge and sentenced thousands to death. From a population of ,, an estimated 80, had been killed, in particular those of the Bubi ethnic minority on Bioko associated with relative wealth and education. All schools were ordered closed in The economy collapsed and skilled citizens and foreigners emigrated.

A Conference Bibliography

All were found guilty, four received terms of imprisonment and Nguema and the other six were executed on 29 September. Quigley stated, "The Macias case stands out as the most confusing of domestic genocide prosecutions from the standpoint of the applicable law. The Macias conviction is also problematic from the standpoint of the identity of the protected group. In the mids, hundreds of thousands of leftists and those tied to the Communist Party of Indonesia PKI were massacred by the Indonesian military and right-wing paramilitary groups after a failed coup attempt which was blamed on the Communists.

At least , people were killed over a period of several months, with thousands more being interred in prisons and concentration camps under extremely inhumane conditions. Some scholars have described the killings as genocide, [] [] including Robert Cribb, Jess Melvin and Joshua Oppenheimer. According to scholars and a international tribunal held in the Hague, Western powers, including Great Britain, Australia and the United States , aided and abetted the mass killings. Embassy officials provided kill lists to the Indonesian military which contained the names of 5, suspected high-ranking members of the PKI.

Methods of killing included beheading, evisceration, dismemberment and castration. East Timor was occupied by Indonesia from to as an annexed territory with provincial status. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a lower range of , conflict-related deaths in the period from —, namely, approximately 18, killings and 84, excess deaths from hunger and illness, including the Indonesian military using "starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese", [] most of which occurred during the Indonesian occupation.

According to Sian Powell a UN report confirmed that the Indonesian military used starvation as a weapon and employed Napalm and chemical weapons , which poisoned the food and water supply. The victims in East Timor included not only that substantial 'part' of the Timorese 'national group' targeted for destruction because of their resistance to Indonesian annexation Immediately following the Bangladesh independence war of , the Biharis living in Bangladesh were accused of being "traitors" or "pro-Pakistani" by the Bengalis, and an estimated 1, to , Biharis were killed by Bengali mobs in what is described as "Retributive Genocide".

According to a white paper released by the Pakistani government, the Awami League killed 30, Biharis and West Pakistanis. Bengali mobs were often armed, sometimes with machetes and bamboo staffs. The massacre was used by the Pakistani Army as a justification to launch Operation Searchlight against the Bengali nationalist movement. The Minorities at Risk project puts the number of Biharis killed during the war at 1,; [] however, R.

Rummel cites a "likely" figure of , In Bangladesh , the persecution of the indigenous tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts such as the Chakma , Marma , Tripura and others, who are mainly Buddhists , has been described as genocidal. The conflict started soon after Bangladeshi independence in , when the Constitution imposed Bengali as the only sole language and a military coup happened in Subsequently, the government encouraged and sponsored the massive settlement of Bangladeshis in the region, which changed the indigenous population's demographics from 98 percent in to fifty percent by The Bangladeshi government sent one third of its military forces to the region to support the settlers, sparking a protracted guerilla war between Hill tribes and the military.

Bengali soldiers and some fundamentalists settlers were also accused of raping native Jumma Chakma women "with impunity", with the Bangladeshi security forces doing little or nothing to protect the Jummas and instead assisting the rapists and settlers. Although Bangladesh is an officially secular country, [] the events leading up to East Pakistan's secession amounted to religious and ethnic genocide. In September , Miguel Osvaldo Etchecolatz , who had been the police commissioner of the province of Buenos Aires during the Dirty War — , was found guilty of six counts of murder, six counts of unlawful imprisonment and seven counts of torture in a federal court.

The judge who presided over the case, Carlos Rozanski, described the offences as part of a systematic attack that was intended to destroy parts of society that the victims represented and as such was genocide. Rozanski noted that CPPCG does not include the elimination of political groups because that group was removed at the behest of Stalin , but instead based his findings on 11 December United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96 barring acts of genocide "when racial, religious, political and other groups have been destroyed, entirely or in part" which passed unanimously , because he considered the original UN definition to be more legitimate than the politically compromised CPPCG definition.

Ethiopia 's former Soviet-backed Marxist dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam was tried in an Ethiopian court, in absentia , for his role in mass killings. Mengistu's charge sheet and evidence list covered 8, pages. The evidence against him included signed execution orders, videos of torture sessions and personal testimonies. He was sentenced to life in prison in January Several former Derg members have been sentenced to death. Mengistu supported Robert Mugabe , the long-standing President of Zimbabwe, during his leadership of Ethiopia.

Michael Clough, a US attorney and longtime Ethiopia observer, told Voice of America in a statement released on 13 December , []. The biggest problem with prosecuting Mengistu for genocide is that his actions did not necessarily target a particular group. They were directed against anybody who was opposing his government, and they were generally much more political than based on any ethnic targeting.

In contrast, the irony is the Ethiopian government itself has been accused of genocide based on atrocities committed in Gambella. I'm not sure that they qualify as genocide either. But in Gambella, the incidents, which were well documented in a human rights report of about 2 years ago, were clearly directed at a particular group, the tribal group, the Anuak.

An estimated , university students, intellectuals and politicians were killed during Mengistu's rule. Mengistu himself is alleged to have murdered opponents by garroting or shooting them, saying that he was leading by example. On 23 December , a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against Frans van Anraat for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that "[it] thinks and considers it legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide convention as an ethnic group.

The court has no other conclusion than that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq. The water diversion plan for the Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes was accompanied by a series of propaganda articles by the Iraqi regime directed against the Ma'dan , [] and the wetlands were systematically converted into a desert , forcing the residents out of their settlements in the region.

The western Hammar Marshes and the Qurnah or Central Marshes became completely desiccated, while the eastern Hawizeh Marshes dramatically shrank. Furthermore, villages in the marshes were attacked and burnt down and there were reports of the water being deliberately poisoned. An estimated 80, to , fled to refugee camps in Iran.

Only 1, of them were estimated to still be living on traditional dibins by Besides the general UN-imposed Gulf war sanctions , there was no specific legal recourse for those displaced by the drainage projects, nor was there prosecution of those involved. The press conference address on the report states in paragraph From the facts stated above the following conclusions may be drawn: The report of the International Commission of Jurists claimed that there was only "cultural" genocide.

ICJ Report page The committee did not find that there was sufficient proof of the destruction of Tibetans as a race, nation or ethnic group as such by methods that can be regarded as genocide in international law. However, cultural genocide is also contested by academics such as Barry Sautman. The Central Tibetan Administration and other Tibetan in exile media claimed that approximately 1.

Jones argued that the struggle sessions after the Tibetan uprising may be considered genocide, based on the claim that the conflict resulted in 92, deaths. In , Spain's top criminal court decided to hear a case brought by Tibetan rights activists who alleged that China's former President Hu Jintao had committed genocide in Tibet.

The Helmet Massacre of the Tikuna people took place in and it was initially treated as homicide. During the massacre four people died, nineteen were wounded, and ten disappeared. Since the episode has been treated by Brazilian courts as genocide. Thirteen men were convicted of genocide in In November , after an appeal was filed before Brazil's federal court, the man initially found guilty of hiring men to carry out the genocide was acquitted, and the killers had their initial sentences of 15—25 years reduced to 12 years.

In November twenty-nine people were arrested with others implicated, such as a former police commander and the governor of Mato Grosso state. In the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court STF unanimously reaffirmed that the crime known as the Haximu massacre perpetrated on the Yanomami Indians in [] was a genocide and that the decision of a federal court to sentence miners to 19 years in prison for genocide in connection with other offenses, such as smuggling and illegal mining, was valid.

During the Congo Civil War — , pygmies were hunted down and eaten by both sides in the conflict, who regarded them as subhuman. The report, which labeled these events as a campaign of extermination, linked the violence to beliefs about special powers held by the Bambuti. The aim of the operation, according to witnesses, was to rid the forest of pygmies. In a report accused Rwanda 's Tutsi -led army of committing genocide against ethnic Hutus.

The report accused the Rwandan Army and allied Congolese rebels of killing tens of thousands of ethnic Hutu refugees from Rwanda and locals in systematic attacks between and The government of Rwanda rejected the accusation. The Isaaq genocide or " Sometimes referred to as the Hargeisa Holocaust " [] [] was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between and by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre. In , the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, [] specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction i.

The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia. In attacks on Somalia's Bantu population and Jubba Valley dwellers from onwards were reported, noting that "Somalia is a rare case in which genocidal acts were carried out by militias in the utter absence of a governing state structure.

The Sri Lankan military was accused of human rights violations during Sri Lanka 's year civil war. In , thousands of Tamils protested in cities all over the world against the atrocities. See Tamil diaspora protests. Norwegian human rights lawyer Harald Stabell filed a case in Norwegian courts against Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa and other officials. Politicians in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu also made accusations of genocide.

Recensie(s)

Karunanidhi repeatedly appealed to the Indian government to intervene to "stop the genocide of Tamils", [] while his successor J. Jayalalithaa called on the Indian government to bring Rajapaksa before international courts for genocide. In January , a Permanent Peoples' Tribunal PPT held in Dublin , Ireland, found Sri Lanka guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but found insufficient evidence to justify the charge of genocide. It also found that the US and UK were guilty of complicity. A decision on whether India, and other states, had also acted in complicity was withheld.

PPT reported that LTTE could not be accurately characterized as "terrorist", stating that movements classified as "terrorist" because of their rebellion against a state, can become political entities recognized by the international community. In , Sri Lanka's Tamil majority Northern Provincial Council NPC "passed a strongly worded resolution accusing successive governments in the island nation of committing 'genocide' against Tamils".

Sri Lanka's historic violations include over 60 years of state sponsored anti-Tamil pogroms, massacres, sexual violence, and acts of cultural and linguistic destruction perpetrated by the state. These atrocities have been perpetrated with the intent to destroy the Tamil people, and therefore constitute genocide. The Sri Lankan government denied the allegations of genocide and war crimes. Myanmar 's government has been accused of crimes against the Muslim Rohingya minority that are alleged to amount to genocide.

It has been alleged that Rohingya are the primary targets of hate crimes and discrimination amounting to genocide fueled by extremist nationalist Buddhist monks and Thein Sein 's government. Muslim groups have claimed that they were subjected to genocide, torture, arbitrary detention, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. France and the Republic of China.

In the s the international law on the crime of genocide began to be enforced. In July Serbian forces killed more than 8, [] [] Bosniaks Bosnian Muslims , mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War. It upheld the ICTY's findings that genocide had been committed in and around Srebrenica but did not find that genocide had been committed on the wider territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war.

The ICJ also ruled that Serbia was not responsible for the genocide nor was it responsible for "aiding and abetting it", although it ruled that Serbia could have done more to prevent the genocide and that Serbia failed to punish the perpetrators. German courts handed down convictions for genocide during the Bosnian War. Novislav Djajic was indicted for his participation in the genocide, but the Higher Regional Court failed to find that there was sufficient certainty for a criminal conviction for genocide. Nevertheless, Djajic was found guilty of 14 counts of murder and one count of attempted murder.

As of mid, the ICTR had convicted 57 people and acquitted 8. Another ten persons were still on trial while one is awaiting trial. Nine remain at large. Jean Kambanda , interim Prime Minister during the genocide, pleaded guilty. The Khmer Rouge , led by Pol Pot , Ta Mok and other leaders, organized the mass killing of ideologically suspect groups, ethnic minorities such as ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese or Sino-Khmers , Chams and Thais , former civil servants, former government soldiers, Buddhist monks , secular intellectuals and professionals, and former city dwellers.

Khmer Rouge cadres defeated in factional struggles were also liquidated in purges. Man-made famine and slave labor resulted in many hundreds of thousands of deaths. After 5 years of researching 20, grave sites, he concluded that "these mass graves contain the remains of 1,, victims of execution. On 6 June the Cambodian government and the United Nations reached an agreement to set up the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia ECCC , which would focus exclusively on crimes committed by the most senior Khmer Rouge officials during the period of Khmer Rouge rule from to The investigating judges were presented with the names of five possible suspects by the prosecution on 18 July Some of the international jurists and the Cambodian government disagreed over whether any other people should be tried by the Tribunal.

The ICC can only prosecute crimes committed on or after 1 July The ongoing racial [] [] conflict in Darfur , Sudan , which started in , was declared a genocide by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In January , an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur , authorized by UN Security Council Resolution of , issued a report stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide.

International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide. In March , the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Prosecutors claimed that al-Bashir "masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy in substantial part" three tribal groups in Darfur because of their ethnicity.

This is the first warrant issued by the ICC against a sitting head of state. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Atrocities in the Congo Free State. French conquest of Algeria. Herero and Namaqua genocide. Conquest of the Desert. John Milton Chivington, U. Hazaras and Persecution of Hazara people. Shakushain's Revolt and Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion. Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and Cromwellian Plantation.

Samenvatting

Nanking massacre and Japanese war crimes. A German Historian Examines the Genocide []. Nazi crimes against the Polish nation. Flight and expulsion of Germans — Stolen Generation , History wars , and Bringing them home. Guatemalan civil war and Guatemalan genocide. Indonesian mass killings of — and May riots of Indonesia.

Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh. Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes. History of Tibet —present. Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil. Alleged war crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War. Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Bosnian genocide and Srebrenica massacre. Archived from the original on 11 December Retrieved 17 November The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective.

The Roots of Evil: Democide versus genocide; which is what? A Sociological Perspective , London: Sage, , p. Retrieved 13 February A case for ethnic violence" PDF. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Retrieved 18 May Archived from the original on 23 September The Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chinghis Khan.

Chinggis Qan and the Conquest of Eurasia: Genocides in history at Google Books. Retrieved 22 May

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