How to Have Better Health: Finding Wellness Through Prayer

---

In the same vein, since we are not consumed by what we are going to eat next and when, we have more energy to devote to God. Because she regularly fasted and prayed, she was able to hear the voice of God speak clearly to her the day that Baby Jesus was brought into her temple to be dedicated. She knew He was the Christ and told everyone who would listen about His arrival. When we detox the spirit and become consumed with desire and praise for God, we become sensitive to His voice. My food is to do the will of Him who sent me and to finish His work.

Home Better Living Health and Wellness. Refraining from eating and drinking is an act of worship that is good for your soul. In the present paper, I have chosen to cite original reports as examples of the most rigorous studies in each area based on ratings in the Handbooks i. Cited here are both positive and negative studies reporting significant relationships. For some topics, such as well-being and depression, there are too many high-quality studies to cite, so only a few examples of the best studies are provided. In the first edition of the Handbook [ 27 ], we identified studies published prior to the year and studies published between and for a total of studies.

Positive emotions include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, meaning and purpose, high self-esteem, and a sense of control over life. Related to positive emotions are positive psychological traits such as altruism, being kind or compassionate, forgiving, and grateful. Of the six highest quality studies, half found a positive relationship [ 79 — 81 ]. Again, as with hope, no studies reported inverse relationships. These studies were often in populations where there was a challenge to having meaning and purpose, such as in people with chronic disabling illness.

Of the 10 studies with quality ratings of 7 or higher, all 10 reported significant positive associations [ 86 — 89 ]. Not surprisingly, these findings are parallel to those of depression below in the opposite direction, of course.

With regard to character traits, the findings are similar to those with positive emotions. Admittedly, all of the studies measuring character traits above depend on self-report. Again, however, this has not been found in the majority of studies. Given the importance of depression, its wide prevalence in the population, and the dysfunction that it causes both mental and physical , I describe the research findings in a bit more detail.

Although this is a small correlation, it translates into the same effect size that gender has on depressive symptoms with the rate of depression being nearly twice as common in women compared to men. Those who are depressed, without hope, and with low self-esteem are at greater risk for committing suicide.

Anxiety and fear often drive people toward religion as a way to cope with the anxiety. There is an old saying that emphasizes this dual role: Sorting out cause and effect here is particularly difficult given the few prospective cohort studies that have examined this relationship over time. Among these studies were cross-sectional studies, 19 prospective cohort studies, 9 single-group experimental studies, and 32 randomized clinical trials.

Of these studies, seven had quality ratings of seven or higher; of those, two found inverse relationships, two found positive relationship, two reported mixed results negative and positive , and one found no association. Of the two studies with high-quality ratings, one found a positive association and the other reported mixed findings. The first study of US veterans with BP disorder found that a higher frequency of prayer or meditation was associated with mixed states and a lower likelihood of euthymia, although no association was found between any religious variable and depression or mania [ ].

A second study examined a random national sample of 37, Canadians and found that those who attributed greater importance to higher spiritual values were more likely to have BP disorder, whereas higher frequency of religious attendance was associated with a lower risk of disorder [ ]. In a qualitative study of 35 adults with bipolar disorder not included in the review above , one of the six themes that participants emphasized when discussing their quality of life was the spiritual dimension.

In another report, a case of mania precipitated by Eastern meditation was discussed; also included in this article was a review of nine other published cases of psychosis occurring in the setting of meditation [ ]. Personality traits most commonly measured today in psychology are the Big Five: Another personality inventory commonly used in the United Kingdom is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which assesses extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism [ ].

They score especially low on psychoticism and especially high on agreeableness and conscientiousness. These personality traits have physical health consequences that we are only beginning to recognize [ — ]. Findings are similar with regard to drug use or abuse. The vast majority of these studies are in young persons attending high school or college, a time when they are just starting to establish substance use habits which for some will interfere with their education, future jobs, family life, and health.

AUTHORS' PREFACE

We identified 79 studies that examined relationships with marital instability. An independent meta-analysis reviewing research conducted before the year likewise concluded that greater religiousness decreased the risk of divorce and facilitated marital functioning and parenting [ ]. For older adults in particular, the most common source of social support outside of family members comes from members of religious organizations [ , ]. Social capital, an indirect measure of community health, is usually assessed by level of community participation, volunteerism, trust, reciprocity between people in the community, and membership in community-based, civic, political, or social justice organizations.

First, religion provides resources for coping with stress that may increase the frequency of positive emotions and reduce the likelihood that stress will result in emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety disorder, suicide, and substance abuse. Religious coping resources include powerful cognitions strongly held beliefs that give meaning to difficult life circumstances and provide a sense of purpose.

Religions provide an optimistic worldview that may involve the existence of a personal transcendental force God, Allah, Jehovah, etc. These cognitions also give a subjective sense of control over events i. These beliefs also help to normalize loss and change and provide role models of persons suffering with the same or similar problems often illustrated in religious scriptures.

Thus, religious beliefs have the potential to influence the cognitive appraisal of negative life events in a way that makes them less distressing. Theoretical model of causal pathways for mental health MH , based on Western monotheistic religions Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Permission to reprint obtained. For models based on Eastern religious traditions and the Secular Humanist tradition, see elsewhere. Second, most religions have rules and regulations doctrines about how to live life and how to treat others within a social group.

When individuals abide by those rules and regulations, this reduces the likelihood of stressful life events that reduce positive emotions and increased negative ones. Examples of stressful life events that religion may help people avoid are divorce or separation, difficulties with children, financial stress resulting from unfair practices in the marketplace, incarceration for lawbreaking cheating or crime , and venereal diseases from risky sexual practices.

Religions also usually discourage the use of drugs and excessive amounts of alcohol that increases the risk of engaging in the behaviors above crime, risky sex that are associated with negative mental health consequences. Third, most religions emphasize love of others, compassion, and altruistic acts as well as encourage meeting together during religious social events. These prosocial behaviors have many consequences that buffer stress and lead to human support when support is needed during difficult times.

Because religion encourages the helping of others and emphasizes a focus outside of the self, engagement in other-helping activities may increase positive emotions and serve to distract from one's own problems. Religion also promotes human virtues such as honesty, forgiveness, gratefulness, patience, and dependability, which help to maintain and enhance social relationships.

The practice of these human virtues may also directly increase positive emotions and neutralize negative ones. Religion may also be used to justify hatred, aggression, prejudice, and the exclusion of others; gain power and control over vulnerable individuals as seen in cults ; foster rigid thinking and obsessive practices; lead to anxiety, fear, and excessive guilt over minor infractions and even self-mutilation in some cases ; produce psychosocial strains due to failure to live up to high religious standards; lead to escape from dealing with family problems through excessive involvement in religious or spiritual activities ; and delay diagnosis and effective mental health care due to antagonistic relationships with mental health professionals.

This relationship with mental health has physical health consequences see Section 7 below. Religious doctrines influence decisions about health and health behaviors. Religious scriptures in other faith traditions also emphasize the person's responsibility to care for and nourish their physical body [ — ]. Behaviors that have the potential to harm the body are usually discouraged. This is reflected in teachings from the pulpit and influences what is considered appropriate within religious social groups.

Not surprisingly, the physical health consequences of not smoking are enormous. We located 37 studies that examined this relationship. A healthy diet here involves increased intake of fiber, green vegetables, fruit, and fish; low intake of snacks, processed foods, and fat; regular vitamin intake; frequent eating of breakfast; overall better nutrition following recommended nutritional guidelines. The situation does not improve when results from the most rigorously designed studies are examined.

Faith-based weight-reduction programs in religious communities have been shown to be effective [ , , ]. There is rapidly growing evidence that stress and negative emotions depression, anxiety have 1 adverse effects on physiological systems vital for maintenance of physical health and healing [ — ], 2 increase susceptibility to or worse outcomes from a wide range of physical illnesses [ — ], and 3 may shorten the lifespan prematurely [ , ].

Social support, in turn, has long been known to protect against disease and increase longevity [ — ]. As in the earlier sections, I cite high-quality studies as examples. Since there are fewer high-quality studies for physical health than for mental health or for health behaviors, I cite all of the studies with ratings of seven or higher.

Perhaps, in certain population subgroups, intrapsychic religious conflict between psychosexual drives and religious standards creates unconscious stress that elevates BP. However, there is another possibility. This may be related to confounding by ethnicity. We located nine studies that examined this relationship, of which four reported a lower risk of stroke, all having quality ratings of seven or higher [ — ]. Physiological changes that occur with stress and depression elevated blood cortisol, in particular are known to adversely affect the parts of the brain responsible for memory [ — ].

The experience of negative emotions may be like pouring hydrochloric acid on the brain's memory cells [ ]. Intact immune function is critical for health maintenance and disease prevention and is assessed by indicators of cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. No high-quality study found only an inverse association or negative effect, although one study reported mixed findings [ ]. In that study, religious attendance was related to significantly poorer cutaneous response to antigens; however, it was also related at a trend level to higher total lymphocyte count, total T-cell count, and helper T-cell count.

In addition, importance of religious or spiritual expression was related to significantly higher white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count, total T cells, and cytotoxic T cell activity. We at Duke are currently examining the effects of religious cognitive-behavioral therapy on a host of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and catecholamines in patients with major depressive disorder, although results will not be available until [ ].

The results from some of these studies can be partially explained by better health behaviors less cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, etc. Although cancer is not thought to be as sensitive as cardiovascular disorders to psychosocial stressors, psychosocial influences on cancer incidence and outcome are present discussions over this are ongoing [ , ]. Ability to function physically, that is, performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living such as toileting, bathing, shopping, and using a telephone, is a necessary factor for independent living.

Persons who are depressed, unmotivated, or without hope are less likely to make attempts to maintain their physical functioning, particularly after experiencing a stroke or a fall that forces them into a rehabilitation program to regain or compensate for their losses. While based on participants' subjective impression, self-rated health is strongly related to objective health, that is, future health, health services use, and mortality [ — ]. On the one hand, pain and other distressing somatic symptoms can motivate people to seek solace in religion through activities such as prayer or Scripture study.

More recent research supports this earlier report [ ]. Research suggests that meditation is particularly effective in reducing pain, although the effects are magnified when a religious word is used to focus attention [ , ]. The research suggests it does. The effects have been particularly strong for frequency of attendance at religious services in these three reviews.

5 Spiritual Benefits of Fasting

There are at least three basic pathways: Theoretical model of causal pathways to physical health for Western monotheistic religions Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. For models based on Eastern religious traditions and the Secular Humanist tradition, see elsewhere Koenig et al. There is also much evidence that poor mental health has adverse physiological consequences that worsen physical health and shorten the lifespan see earlier references.

Social factors, in turn, are known to influence both mental health and physical health and predict greater longevity [ — ]. Living a healthier lifestyle will result in better physical health and greater longevity. Baines was asked by a CNN correspondent to explain why she thought she had lived so long. I took good care of myself, the way he wanted me to. Genetic and developmental factors could also play a role in explaining these associations.

Another important point needs to be made. Thus, this research says nothing about the existence of supernatural or transcendent forces which is a matter of faith , but rather asks whether belief in such forces and the behaviors that result from such beliefs has an effect on health. There is every reason to think it does. There are clinical implications from the research reviewed above that could influence the way health professionals treat patients in the hospital and clinic.

There are many practical reasons why addressing spiritual issues in clinical practice is important. Here are eight reasons [ ] and these are not exhaustive. Studies of medical and psychiatric patients and those with terminal illnesses report that the vast majority have such needs, and most of those needs currently go unmet [ , ]. Poor coping has adverse effects on medical outcomes, both in terms of lengthening hospital stay and increasing mortality [ ].

Physician views about such matters and how they influence the physician's decisions, however, are usually not discussed with a patient. If so, then health professionals need to know about such influences, just as they need to know if a person smokes cigarettes or uses alcohol or drugs. Those who provide health care to the patient need to be aware of all factors that influence health and health care. A supportive faith community may ensure that patients receive medical followup by providing rides to doctors' offices and comply with their medications. It is important to know whether this is the case or whether the patient will return to an apartment to live alone with little social interaction or support.

Seventh, research shows that failure to address patients' spiritual needs increases health care costs, especially toward the end of life [ ]. This is a time when patients and families may demand medical care often very expensive medical care even when continued treatment is futile. For example, patients or families may be praying for a miracle. Finally, standards set by the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Hospital Organizations JCAHO and by Medicare in the US require that providers of health care show respect for patients' cultural and personal values, beliefs, and preferences including religious or spiritual beliefs [ ].

This point was reinforced by a personal communication with Doreen Finn dfinn jointcommission. If health professionals are unaware of those beliefs, they cannot show respect for them and adjust care accordingly. What would I recommend in terms of addressing spiritual issues in clinical care? First and foremost, health professionals should take a brief spiritual history. This should be done for all new patients on their first evaluation, especially if they have serious or chronic illnesses, and when a patient is admitted to a hospital, nursing home, home health agency, or other health care setting.

If spiritual needs are discovered, then the health professional would make a referral to pastoral care services so that the needs can be addressed. The spiritual history and any spiritual needs addressed by pastoral services should be documented in the medical record so that other health professionals will know that this has been done. Although notes need not be detailed, enough information should be recorded to communicate essential issues to other hospital staff. Ideally, the physician, as head of the medical care team, should take the spiritual history. Although systematic research is lacking in this area, most nurses and social workers do not take a spiritual history either.

Simply recording the patient's religious denomination and whether they want to see a chaplain, the procedure in most hospitals today, is NOT taking a spiritual history. Even if beliefs conflict with the medical treatment plan or seem bizarre or pathological, the health professional should not challenge those beliefs at least not initially , but rather take a neutral posture and ask the patient questions to obtain a better understanding of the beliefs. Instead, the health professional should consult a chaplain and either follow their advice or refer the patient to the chaplain to address the situation.

Third, most health professionals without clinical pastoral education do not have the skills or training to competently address patients' spiritual needs or provide advice about spiritual matters. Chaplains have extensive training on how to do this, which often involves years of education and experience addressing spiritual issues.

They are the true experts in this area. For any but the most simple spiritual needs, then, patients should be referred to chaplains to address the problem. The patient must feel in control and free to reveal or not reveal information about their spiritual lives or to engage or not engage in spiritual practices i. In most cases, health professionals should not ask patients if they would like to pray with them, but rather leave the initiative to the patient to request prayer.

The patient is then free to initiate a request for prayer at a later time or future visit, should they desire prayer with the health professional. If the patient requests, then a short supportive prayer may be said aloud, but quietly, with the patient in a private setting. Before praying, however, the health professional should ask the patient what he or she wishes prayer for, recognizing that every patient will be different in this regard. These activities should always be patient centered, not centered on the health professional. One of the most common barriers to addressing spiritual issues is health professionals' discomfort over discussing such issues.

Lack of comfort and understanding should be overcome by training and practice. Thus, spirituality and health is increasingly being addressed in medical and nursing training programs. There are many such beliefs and practices that will have a direct impact on the type of care being provided, especially when patients are hospitalized, seriously ill or near death. A brief description of beliefs and practices for health professionals related to birth, contraception, diet, death, and organ donation is provided elsewhere [ ]. Finally, if spiritual needs are identified and a chaplain referral is initiated, then the health professional making the referral is responsible for following up to ensure that the spiritual needs were adequately addressed by the chaplain.

This is especially true given the impact that unmet spiritual needs are likely to have on both medical outcomes and healthcare costs. Given the short lengths of stay in today's modern hospital often only 2—4 days , spiritual needs identified on admission are unlikely to be resolved by discharge. Therefore, a spiritual care discharge plan will need to be developed by the hospital social worker in consultation with the chaplain, which may involve with the patient's written consent contact with the patient's faith community to ensure that spiritual needs are addressed when the patient returns home.

In this way, continuity of pastoral care will be ensured between hospital and community. These possible benefits to mental health and well-being have physiological consequences that impact physical health, affect the risk of disease, and influence response to treatment. These reports have been published in peer-reviewed journals in medicine, nursing, social work, rehabilitation, social sciences, counseling, psychology, psychiatry, public health, demography, economics, and religion.

For details on these and many other studies in this area, and for suggestions on future research that is needed, I again refer the reader to the Handbook of Religion and Health [ ]. The research findings, a desire to provide high-quality care, and simply common sense, all underscore the need to integrate spirituality into patient care. I have briefly reviewed reasons for inquiring about and addressing spiritual needs in clinical practice, described how to do so, and indicated boundaries across which health professionals should not cross.

For more information on how to integrate spirituality into patient care, the reader is referred to the book, Spirituality in Patient Care [ ]. The field of religion, spirituality, and health is growing rapidly, and I dare to say, is moving from the periphery into the mainstream of healthcare. All health professionals should be familiar with the research base described in this paper, know the reasons for integrating spirituality into patient care, and be able to do so in a sensible and sensitive way.

At stake is the health and well-being of our patients and satisfaction that we as health care providers experience in delivering care that addresses the whole person—body, mind, and spirit. The support to write this paper was provided in part by the John Templeton Foundation. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Published online Dec Received Sep 25; Accepted Oct This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Historical Background and Introduction Religion, medicine, and healthcare have been related in one way or another in all population groups since the beginning of recorded history [ 1 ].

Open in a separate window. Definitions Before summarizing the research findings, it is first necessary to provide definitions of the words religion and spirituality that I am using. Coping with Adversity In the first edition of the Handbook [ 27 ], we identified studies published prior to the year and studies published between and for a total of studies.

Positive Emotions Positive emotions include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, meaning and purpose, high self-esteem, and a sense of control over life. Positive Character Traits With regard to character traits, the findings are similar to those with positive emotions. Anxiety Anxiety and fear often drive people toward religion as a way to cope with the anxiety. Personality Traits Personality traits most commonly measured today in psychology are the Big Five: Marital Instability We identified 79 studies that examined relationships with marital instability.

Social Capital Social capital, an indirect measure of community health, is usually assessed by level of community participation, volunteerism, trust, reciprocity between people in the community, and membership in community-based, civic, political, or social justice organizations. Religion, Spirituality, and Health Behaviors Religious doctrines influence decisions about health and health behaviors. Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health There is rapidly growing evidence that stress and negative emotions depression, anxiety have 1 adverse effects on physiological systems vital for maintenance of physical health and healing [ — ], 2 increase susceptibility to or worse outcomes from a wide range of physical illnesses [ — ], and 3 may shorten the lifespan prematurely [ , ].

Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Physiological changes that occur with stress and depression elevated blood cortisol, in particular are known to adversely affect the parts of the brain responsible for memory [ — ]. Immune Function Intact immune function is critical for health maintenance and disease prevention and is assessed by indicators of cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Physical Functioning Ability to function physically, that is, performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living such as toileting, bathing, shopping, and using a telephone, is a necessary factor for independent living.

Pain and Somatic Symptoms On the one hand, pain and other distressing somatic symptoms can motivate people to seek solace in religion through activities such as prayer or Scripture study. Clinical Implications There are clinical implications from the research reviewed above that could influence the way health professionals treat patients in the hospital and clinic.

Rationale for Integrating Spirituality There are many practical reasons why addressing spiritual issues in clinical practice is important. How to Integrate Spirituality into Patient Care What would I recommend in terms of addressing spiritual issues in clinical care? Conflict of Interests The author declares that he has no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgment The support to write this paper was provided in part by the John Templeton Foundation. Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press; A history of religion, medicine, and healthcare; pp.

Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications

Faith and Mental Health: Religious Resources For Healing. Restoration and 18th Century Studies in English, http: Gamwell L, Tomes N. Cornell University Press; American Journal of Psychiatry. Obsessive acts and religious practices. Psycho-analysis and religious origins. Future of an Illusion. Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis; Religion and mental health: Religion, spirituality and mental health. Praying with a patient constitutes a breach of professional boundaries in psychiatric practice.

Editorial Reviews

British Journal of Psychiatry. Religion, spirituality, and medicine: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Commentary on Koenig Spirituality and Health Research: Methods, Measurement, Statistics, and Resources. Templeton Foundation Press; The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Religious beliefs and practices of hospitalized medically ill older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: Journal of Health Psychology.

Are spirituality and religiosity resources for patients with chronic pain conditions? The use of religious coping during stressful life events: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Perceptions of the importance placed on religion and folk medicine by non-Mexican-American Hispanic adults with diabetes. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. British Journal of Health Psychology. Religious coping and problem-solving by couples faced with prostate cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care. Effects of prayer and religious expression within computer support groups on women with breast cancer.

Role of spirituality in patients with sickle cell disease. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. Social support and religiosity as coping strategies for anxiety in hospitalized cardiac patients. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. Psychosocial mediation of religious coping styles: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.

Complete dentures and oral health-related quality of life—do coping styles matter? Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. Can faith protect from emotional distress after stroke? Journal of General Internal Medicine. Influence of coping skills on health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care and Research.

A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Research and Management. Emotional adaptation over time in care-givers for chronically ill elderly people. Religious beliefs and practices are associated with better mental health in family caregivers of patients with dementia: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. The prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness.

The impact of religious practice and religious coping on geriatric depression. Religion and emotional compensation: Patterns of religious practice and belief in the last year of life. Journals of Gerontology B. Talking with terminally ill patients and their caregivers about death, dying, and bereavement: Archives of Internal Medicine. Religious coping and depression among elderly, hospitalized medically ill men. Differing profiles of developmental experiences across types of organized youth activities. Occupational stress, personality traits, coping strategies, and suicide ideation in the South African police service.

Criminal Justice and Behavior. Coping as a predictor of outcomes following the midwest flood. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. Symptoms and coping in Sri Lanka months after the tsunami. Methods of religious coping with the Gulf War: Journal For the Scientific Study of Religion. Mental health symptoms following war and repression in Eastern Afghanistan. Journal of the American Medical Association. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, , terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine.

Review of Religious Research.

A comprehensive measure of religious coping: Journal of Clinical Psychology. Nooney J, Woodrum E. Religious coping and church-based social support as predictors of mental health outcomes: Religion and well-being in later life. Religious effects on health status and life satisfaction among Black Americans. Religious attendance and psychological well-being in Mexican Americans: Religious involvement, stress, and mental health: Religious meaning and subjective well-being in late life.

Common facets of religion, unique facets of religion, and life satisfaction among older African Americans. Religiosity, economics and life satisfaction. Review of Social Economy. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Impact of the timing, type and severity of disability on the subjective well-being of individuals with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine. Religious affiliation and psychiatric morbidity in Brazil: International Journal of Social Psychiatry.

The hope of fundamentalists. The relation of religious belief and practices, depression, and hopelessness in persons with clinical depression. Religion among disabled and nondisabled persons I: Church-based social support and health in old age: Private prayer and optimism in middle-aged and older patients awaiting cardiac surgery. Religious doubt and psychological well-being: The relationship between bible reading and purpose in life among year-olds.

Mental Health, Religion and Culture.

Покупки по категориям

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. Meaning in life and mortality. Journal of Gerontology B. God-mediated control and change in self-rated health. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. Health, Illness, and Christian God-Talk. Religious involvement and self-perception among Black Americans. Krause N, Van Tran T. Stress and religious involvement among older Blacks. Stress, religiosity, and psychological well-being among older blacks. Journal of Aging and Health.

Religiosity and self-esteem among older adults. Religiousness and depressive symptoms in five ethnic adolescent groups. Religious involvement and attitudes toward parenting among low-income Urban women. Journal of Family Issues. Gaining strength from truthMillstones or milestonesDealing with defeatEmpathy or sympathyHealing chronic complaintsFull of insight, How to Have Better Health will show you the way to a new and improved life through the power of prayer! Read more Read less. November 10, Language: Be the first to review this item Amazon Best Sellers Rank: Related Video Shorts 0 Upload your video.

Try the Kindle edition and experience these great reading features: Customer reviews There are no customer reviews yet. Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers.

Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. How to Have Better Health: Finding Wellness through Prayer.

• Sonata in C Major (score) - from Der Getreue Music-Meister
• Correspondência - I (Portuguese Edition)
• Rose Head
• Getting Started in Technical Analysis (Getting Started In.....)
• Signs & Wonders (Johns Hopkins: Poetry and Fiction)
• Connecting The Dots of the Paranormal
• Schools In-New York, Essex County