Contents:
The changes in recognition rate are slow enough and systematic enough to generate confidence in the approximate correctness of the surfaces, as may be seen from the observations printed on each surface. The surface shown on the left Fig. The surface on the right Fig. Shaded contour maps of recognition-rate surfaces.
The x-coordinate is the low frequency in Hz of a filter and the y-coordinate is the width in Hz of the filter. The number plotted at a point on the map is the number of test samples of words correctly recognized out of a total of 35 such samples by the Butterworth filter with the coordinates of the point.
On the other hand, the regularity of the recognition-rate surfaces shows that the exact bandpass filter selected as optimal can be approximated reasonably well in recognition performances by filters close by, or even at a distance but on the same contour. Table 2 shows for each of the 24 cases of prediction the EEG sensor whose data were the basis of the prediction.
When applicable, ties are shown. As can be seen from the table, 12 of the 24 cases are T3-T6 in the standard EEG 10—20 system, where an occurrence of T3-T6 is counted as one, even when another sensor was tied for best recognition rate. Another nine, with ties counted as one, are either C3, C4, or CZ. To avoid extensive additional computations in searching for the optimal MEG filters, we compared recognition rates for the best EEG and MEG sensors for each subject S1-S5 and condition by using a constant filter with a bandpass from 1 to 20 Hz.
The results for the 24 cases of prediction were: Given these results we do not report further on the MEG data in this article. For S1-S5 and all conditions EMG sensors also were recorded, one only next to the mouth for S1 and S2, three for S3-S5, one on the nose, one next to the mouth, and one on the vocal chords. None were used in the predictions given in Table 2. Moreover, for the auditory comprehension and internal speech conditions none of the EMG sensors correctly recognized test samples for any subject strictly better than the best brain-wave sensors, for either EEG or MEG.
There are also several other features of the recognition data we analyzed. Because the ultimate recognition objective is to correctly predict what word is being processed on individual trials, i. A natural question is if the prototypes of one subject, in a given experimental condition, can be used to recognize correctly the test samples of another subject in the same experimental condition.
Surprisingly, within limits the answer is affirmative. By using the suboptimal uniform filter from 1 to 20 Hz, we summarize the results for three pairs of subjects and report here only on the best EEG sensor. The three results of 16, 16, and 18 are significant at the 0. On the other hand, the confusion matrices, given in Table 3 , for the seven words summed over all subjects, for the auditory comprehension and internal speech conditions, show clearly enough that no simple features, such as duration of the word being processed, will lead to reliable discrimination.
As is usual in such matrices, each row shows the frequency of classification of the test samples of a given word.
With S3-S5 we also did a small experiment in the internal speech condition on homonyms. We presented the words to, too, and two and the words here and hear randomly among the seven words listed above and given to all subjects. The two confusion matrices are shown in Table 4. The borderline character of this significance test suggests further investigation, for a strong rejection of the null hypothesis would show that more than purely phonetic processing took place.
Brain-wave recognition of words being processed is feasible in simple experimental conditions, but even in such conditions recognition results leave substantial room for improvement. All the same, we are confident that the present brain-imaging technologies available are sufficient to permit continued scientific progress by us and others in recognizing and understanding what the brain is processing under conditions of conscious awareness.
We recognize that the research reported here suggests many more questions than it answers. The range of these questions is too great for us to canvass, but there are two that we think have special significance. First, how can we significantly improve our predictions by using as our primary representation of a word the spatiotemporal, continually changing brain image of a word?
Also, will it be practical to use machine learning techniques to determine, among the many spatiotemporal features we can identify, those that are really crucial for correct prediction? Second, it is clear from the research reported here that the global electric and magnetic brain waves carry significant information about words being processed. But is this global level adequate when there is no conscious awareness of the processing, or are additional necessary data only to be found in the relatively inaccessible individual neurons or highly local collections of them that are the sources of the fields, i.
The extensive research on motor control in both humans and monkeys shows beyond much doubt that the relevant cognitive processing uses in an essential way time-varying populations of neurons 18 , which makes detailed neuronal observations even more difficult. In fact, recent evidence from aphasic patients 19 suggests that different populations of neurons are used for storing regular and irregular past tenses of verbs. We thank Samuel J. Williamson for introducing P. We also have received useful comments and suggestions for revision from Stanley Peters, George Sperling, and Richard F.
We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Skip to main content. PNAS December 23, 94 26 ; https: Contributed by Patrick Suppes.
Such a rule of the two diameters not only guides us toward the sun in the system and the heart in man, but draws lines through the length and breadth of the aggregate of a man's particular daily behaviors and waves of life into his coves and inlets, and where they intersect will be the height or depth of his character. When applicable, ties are shown. To those on board the ship the movement of those waves will be the only perceptible motion. The borderline character of this significance test suggests further investigation, for a strong rejection of the null hypothesis would show that more than purely phonetic processing took place. Raw data videos offer a glimpse into laboratory research. We analyze brain waves to recognize the word being processed.
Abstract Electrical and magnetic brain waves of seven subjects under three experimental conditions were recorded for the purpose of recognizing which one of seven words was processed. View inline View popup. Table 1 Steps of data analysis. Table 2 Highest recognition rates for each subject and condition. Selection of Optimal Filters. Figure 1 Shaded contour maps of recognition-rate surfaces. Table 3 Confusion matrices for the seven words after FFT and filtering.
Table 4 Confusion matrices for the homonyms after FFT and filtering. Acknowledgments We thank Samuel J. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. Tweet Widget Facebook Like Mendeley. Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Genetic screen identifies adaptive aneuploidy as a key mediator of ER stress resistance in yeast.
Psychology Low early-life social class leaves a biological residue manifested by decreased glucocorticoid and increased proinflammatory signaling. Positional averaging explains crowding with letter-like stimuli. The boundaries of language and thought in deductive inference. No related articles found.
Scopus PubMed Google Scholar. Brain-wave representation of words by superposition of a few sine waves. Invariance of brain-wave representations of simple visual images and their names. Invariance between subjects of brain wave representations of language. Scopus 64 Google Scholar. You May Also be Interested in. Raw data videos offer a glimpse into laboratory research.
Deep subseafloor microbial life. Victoria Orphan and Elizabeth Trembath-Reichert discuss microbial life in the deep subseafloor. She appeared to be in her early thirties, had chestnut brown hair that fell in soft waves around her shoulders with thin streaks of what looked like fire running through it. The difficulty of connecting lightships and isolated lighthouses to the mainland by submarine cables, owing to the destructive action of the tides and waves on rocky coasts on the wll- shore ends, led many inventors to look for a way out of the difficulty by the adoption of some form of inductive Smith.
Owing to the rough seas sweeping over the Fastnet, the conditions are such that any ordinary submarine cable would be broken by the wearing action of the waves at the rock boundary in a very short time. After I had learned a great many interesting things about the life and habits of the children of the sea--how in the midst of dashing waves the little polyps build the beautiful coral isles of the Pacific, and the foraminifera have made the chalk-hills of many a land--my teacher read me "The Chambered Nautilus," and showed me that the shell-building process of the mollusks is symbolical of the development of the mind.
I had the same feeling once before when I first stood by the great ocean and felt its waves beating against the shore. Though it is now dark, the wind still blows and roars in the wood, the waves still dash, and some creatures lull the rest with their notes. At length the wind rose, the mist increased, and the waves began to run, and the perch leaped much higher than before, half out of water, a hundred black points, three inches long, at once above the surface.
Could the fact that Howie's brain waves are somehow different after his lengthy coma and all the operations he endured be effected by what you were doing? Bianca moved away from Talon towards the violent waves and then sat with her back to a wave as high as her waist. He took in the various scenes, to include the local news, which blasted photos of the black skies and mounting waves of the tropical-storm-turned-hurricane. She cried out, body convulsing under waves of pleasure intense enough to push her towards unconsciousness. She baited the hook and threw it in the pond, watching as tiny waves rippled out from the bobber and gently lapped at the grassy shore.
Aside from the infrequent sound of a passing car on the avenue, only the murmur of unseen waves lapping at the sand broke the stillness. There in the blur of a passing auto and mirrored in descending waves of rain was the huddled figure of Cynthia Byrne stumbling across the parking lot toward the road and the beach beyond. Are the amplitudes of the component harmonic waves of periods 24, 12, 8 and 6 hours; al, a2, a 3, a 4, are the corresponding phase angles.
The third line gives the range of the regular diurnal inequality, the next four lines the amplitudes of the first four Fourier waves into which the regular diurnal inequality has been analysed. Jones, and published in three volumes: The shores are covered with coral; earthquakes and tidal waves are frequent, the latter not taking the form of bores, but of a sudden steady rise and equally sudden fall in the level of the sea; the climate is rather tropical than temperate, but sickness is almost unknown among the residents.
In Squier and Crehore's " Synchronograph " system " sine waves of current, instead of sharp " makes and breaks," or sharp reversals, are employed for transmitting signals, the waves being produced by an alternating-current dynamo, and regulated by means of a perforated paper ribbon, as in the Wheatstone automatic system. Lodge particularly studied the action of electric waves in reducing the resistance of the contact between two metallic surfaces such as a plate and a point, or two balls, and named the device a coherer.
The object which Marconi had in view was not merely the detection of electric waves , but their utilization in practical wireless telegraphy. Marconi, however, made the important discovery that if his sensitive tube or coherer had one terminal attached to a metal plate lying on the earth, or buried in it, and the other to an insulated plate elevated at a height above the ground, it could detect the presence of very feeble electric waves of a certain kind originating at a great distance.
The magnetic and electric forces are directed alternately in one direction and the other, and at distances which are called multiples of a wave length the force is in the same direction at the same time, but in the case of damped waves h.
It was also recognized that what is required at the transmitting end is the establishment of powerful electric oscillations in the sending antenna, which create and radiate their energy in the form of electric waves having their magnetic force component parallel to the earth's surface and their electric component perpendicular to it. You cannot see the waves rolling up the beach or hear their roar. I hope the great ocean will love the new Helen, and let her sail over its blue waves peacefully. I stood in the middle of the church, where the vibrations from the great organ were strongest, and I felt the mighty waves of sound beat against me, as the great billows beat against a little ship at sea.
Her enjoyment of music, however, is very genuine, for she has a tactile recognition of sound when the waves of air beat against her.
Waves of Words: Augmented Communicators Read and Write. Edited by David Koppenhaver, Ph.D., Karen Erickson, Ph.D., and David Yoder, Ph.D. (). Mapping and modelling the history of Australia's Asia-Pacific ties. This project aims to determine the extent and nature of ancient contact.
These small waves raised by the evening wind are as remote from storm as the smooth reflecting surface. It was worth the while, if only to feel the wind blow on your cheek freely, and see the waves run, and remember the life of mariners. Moreover, the waves , I suspect, do not so much construct as wear down a material which has already acquired consistency. Such a rule of the two diameters not only guides us toward the sun in the system and the heart in man, but draws lines through the length and breadth of the aggregate of a man's particular daily behaviors and waves of life into his coves and inlets, and where they intersect will be the height or depth of his character.
Perhaps I shall hear a solitary loon laugh as he dives and plumes himself, or shall see a lonely fisher in his boat, like a floating leaf, beholding his form reflected in the waves , where lately a hundred men securely labored. You do not resist cold and hunger, the winds and the waves , thus obstinately; you quietly submit to a thousand similar necessities. Looking down over the rails Prince Nesvitski saw the rapid, noisy little waves of the Enns, which rippling and eddying round the piles of the bridge chased each other along.