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Recreational Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Evaluation

Knowledge transfer and cooperation can also occur between distant ecosystems experiencing common challenges i. Scientists and managers from the African and Laurentian Great Lakes have been transferring knowledge and sharing management successes over the past several decades e.

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Although the nature of inland fisheries provides the potential for conflict across jurisdictions, they have increasingly fostered cooperation and knowledge transfer as people recognize that long-term sustainability of inland fisheries can benefit all. Inland fish species are present in almost every inland ecosystem on earth Dudgeon et al.

These inland fishes also serve as indicators of ecosystem function and ecosystem change Allan Fish occupy almost all major aquatic habitats Helfman et al. Inland fish can play critical roles in the function of their ecosystems Holmlund and Hammer ; Dudgeon et al. For example, predatory species, such as northern pike Esox lucius have significant impacts on fish community composition He and Kitchell Other fish species have been shown to alter the habitats in which they live, from herbivorous grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella modifying aquatic vegetation Wittmann et al.

Fish impacts on habitat are not limited to the local scale; migratory fishes such as Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. When functioning properly, inland ecosystems provide many valuable services to people i. Biodiversity of inland fishes, at both species and population levels, also confers important benefits. When people rely upon functioning ecosystems for their basic needs, natural disasters and other disturbances to those ecosystems can be devastating.

Natural ecosystems that recover quickly from such disturbances have resilience. Ecosystems with high species richness exhibit increased resilience Downing and Leibold , highlighting the importance of diverse inland fish communities. However, species assemblages are not the only factor moderating the impacts of disturbance on fish populations. A diversity of biologically relevant characteristics among fish populations of the same species e. These diverse, resilient inland ecosystems provide reliable sources of food when disasters occur and will become even more critical when amplified by climate change.

Biodiversity confers benefits to aquaculture as well.

Genetic diversity within species provides the building blocks for selective breeding and stock improvement, and enables the creation of transgenic fishes, such as genetically modified Atlantic salmon Salmo salar that grow more quickly and require less food than non-modified fish Gjedrem Technological advances, such as transgenic fishes, require a portfolio of genes that exist in the wild, placing value on biodiversity for the future of inland aquaculture.

And, increasingly, technology can be used to safeguard biodiversity from escaped aquaculture fish e. The central role of inland fish in aquatic ecosystems makes them good indicators of ecosystem change. Beyond overfishing, aquatic ecosystems are faced with both direct and indirect anthropogenic influences that may have undesirable consequences. The large scope of these threats arises because inland aquatic habitats are in close proximity to a variety of anthropogenic activities e. Fish respond directly to some environmental stressors such as toxic and thermal pollution, flow regime change, and climate change Dudgeon et al.

Fish also respond indirectly to stressors that impact their environment. For example, the massive die-offs of introduced alewives in Lake Michigan during the s brought to public and political attention large ecological changes occurring in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Around the globe, inland fish populations and species assemblages often indicate changes in nutrient inputs to their watersheds Ludsin et al.

Inland fishes respond to many aquatic and terrestrial environmental changes throughout their watersheds, making them valuable bioindicators of ecosystem health. The Index of Biotic Integrity IBI is a commonly used in-situ assessment tool for freshwaters based in part on the local fish assemblages, particularly the presence or absence of species intolerant to habitat perturbations Karr Due to their representative susceptibility to many chemicals and key role in aquatic ecosystems, inland fish species are also commonly used as laboratory models to assess water quality and environmental toxicology in the chemical and pesticide approval processes Barbour et al.

Sustainable harvest of wild inland fish can have relatively few environmental costs, especially when compared with replacement livestock products Orr et al. The local nature of most of inland capture fisheries both harvest and consumption indicates low dependence on fossil fuels for gear manufacture, transportation to and from fishing sites, and preservation and post-harvest fish transportation Welcomme et al. It is also important to note that inland aquaculture species are predominately lower trophic level than marine aquaculture species, relying upon more sustainably sourced feed e.

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More broadly, sustainable inland aquaculture can be featured in integrated food systems such as rice field-fish culture which, in China alone, produces almost one million tonnes of fish and almost 10 million tonnes of rice with more environmentally friendly management practices Weimin However, not all inland capture fisheries and aquaculture operations have minimal environmental impacts or sustainable management. There are numerous examples of overfishing of inland fish populations Allan et al.

Likewise, some negligent inland aquaculture practices can have significant impacts on the environment, such as nutrient loading, release of cultured species, and propagation of disease Kapuscinski and Brister As the most cultivated species group, for example, carps have a long history of environmental impact: Concerns notwithstanding, inland capture fisheries and inland aquaculture have low environmental costs compared with many alternative animal-derived food sources. Inland fish serve as a major source of protein, essential fats, and micronutrients for hundreds of millions of people, particularly in rural communities Thilsted et al.

More than 60 million people in low income countries rely upon inland fisheries as a source of livelihood and women represent over half the individuals in inland fisheries supply chains FAO b.

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While still a large number, this is widely accepted to be an underestimate given the difficulties with reporting in the sector Bartley et al. Inland fish and fisheries provide cultural and recreational services and contributions to human health and well-being. As key components of most inland ecosystems on earth, inland fish are integral to ecosystem function and biodiversity. In this role, they also serve as environmental indicators for global change.

Inland fish and fisheries are, however, often impacted by and compete with other societal needs and uses of water resources, such as agriculture, human consumption, power generation, and effluent disposal. Inland fish biodiversity, which is important to ecosystem function and services, is threatened by these pressures and many more e. These threats to biodiversity also threaten the services that inland fishes and fisheries sustain.

Moving forward, acknowledging the complexities inherent in the relationship between inland fish, inland fisheries, and other water resource users will be crucial. The social, economic, and environmental risks to inland fish are often inextricably linked to benefits derived from other water uses.

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However, due to limitations in assessment, services provided by inland fish and fisheries are undervalued and, consequently, lose in comparisons with other water sectors. Appropriate valuations are needed for relevant comparisons. While this is beyond the scope of this review, ultimately, there is a need for valuation models to recognize the full breadth of services provided on a common platform. We suggest that acknowledging the value of inland fish and fisheries is the first step in effectively balancing the benefits of these services with supporting sustainable water use.

We propose this list Table 1 ; Fig. Joint activities of this group have been funded by the U.

Fisheries Economics & Policy: Intro to Fisheries Management

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. In this paper Top of page Introduction The individual Society The environment Summary and moving forward References Abstract Though reported capture fisheries are dominated by marine production, inland fish and fisheries make substantial contributions to meeting the challenges faced by individuals, society, and the environment in a changing global landscape.

The importance of inland fishes and fisheries to the individual, society, and the environment by the numbers. Food security Inland fishes are important food and nutritional resources, especially rural economies in developing countries Welcomme et al. Economic security Eighty percent of inland capture fisheries are reported to be operating in the developing world Kapetsky Empowerment Inland fisheries provide opportunities to empower individuals to meet their own physical and psychological needs and provide for their dependents.

Cultural services Cultural services provided by inland fish include spiritual services e. Recreational services Recreational fisheries are a large sector of inland fish services; however, inland fish also support non-fishing sectors including diving, snorkeling, boating, and the public and private aquarium trade. Human health and well-being Inland fish provide a number of important benefits to human health and well-being including pest control, biomedical research, and a connection with the outdoors.

Ecosystem function and biodiversity Fish occupy almost all major aquatic habitats Helfman et al. Acknowledgements Joint activities of this group have been funded by the U. The influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Overfishing of Inland Waters. Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish. Sacred Ecology Third Edition. Routledge, New York, NY.

Building an Economy for the Earth. Orient Blackswan, Telangana, India. Failure to engage the public in issues related to inland fishes and fisheries: Species richness facilitates ecosystem resilience in aquatic food webs. The role of women in agriculture. Fishing Areas - General. Fisheries Global Information System. Habitat Modification by Tropical Fishes: Environmental Heterogeneity and the Variability of Interaction Strength. Social Stratification in Recreational Fishing Participation: Research and Policy Implications.

Development of a zebrafish 4-day embryo-larval bioassay to assess toxicity of chemicals. Genetic improvement of cold-water fish species. Goessling W, North TE. Improving the contingent valuation method: On-farm feeding and feed management in aquaculture. Ecosystems and human wellbeing: Current status and trends. Island Press, Washington, D. He X, Kitchell JF. The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology.

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Ecosystem services generated by fish populations. Consumption and the yield of fish and other aquatic animals from the Lower Mekong Basin. Evaluating recreational fisheries for an endangered species: Fisheries co-management as empowerment. Review of the State of World Fishery Resources: Environmental impacts of aquaculture. Temporal patterns in adult salmon migration timing across southeast Alaska. The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. Animal models of human disease: Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world.

Last Child in the Woods: Life After Death in Lake Erie: MacMillan E, Roth B. By-catch in the Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron commercial trap net fishery. Strengthening collective action to address resource conflict in Lake Kariba, Zambia. In Collaborating for resilience, Progress report. State of the Basin Report: WorldFish Center Policy Brief Engaging the public in biodiversity issues. Dams on the Mekong River:

Recreational Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Evaluation (Fish and Aquatic Resources)

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