Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus

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Selected and Edited by M Napoleon's original thoughts on leadership and art of war. How did he become one of the greatest generals of history? Here are his thoughts. A very carefully crafted and well-articulated presentation of the deepest reaches of ancient and modern mythology. A must read for any lover of myth. Enjoy captivating stories while also learning about the Greek myths that lie at the roots of Western language, culture, and civilization.

About the Author Xenophon c. Related Video Shorts 0 Upload your video. Try the Kindle edition and experience these great reading features: Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. I like the idea of philosopher kings which is touched on in this book.

Kindle Edition Verified Purchase. One person found this helpful. If your looking into it then you already know you should read it. Recommend to anyone seeking truth. I am so happy to read this book. It's so good for me to teach my children. I want you all to read this.

If you are a political science fan this is a great book to add to your collection. Loved reading this book. I learned a lot. What sticks with me, besides the historical aspects, is the kindness and generousity of this man. Christopher Tuplin has argued that even generally available contemporary Greek knowledge about Persia did not find its way into the book. Arthur Christensen noted pp. Some of them are found in royal texts from all over the world. If Xenophon did tap a Persian oral tradition for the narrative framework of his treatise on the qualities of good leadership, it must certainly have been crowded with anachronisms.

The Cyropaedia can thus in no way be considered to provide reliable information on 6th-century Persia. The frequent citation of apparently exact numbers for armies and the like should be regarded as a literary device to inspire confidence to the reader. Breitenbach, Xenophon von Athen , Stuttgart, the most detailed comments on the Cyropaedia. Eddy, The King Is Dead. Hirsch, The Friendship of the Barbarians. Xenophon and the Persian Empire , Hanover, N.

The Greek Sources , Leiden, , pp. From Dante to Machiavelli. The Roots of the European Tradition , Leiden, , pp. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online. If you enter several tags, separate with commas. When did Xenophon himself first learn to ride? Surely this is a boyish reminiscence, full of sympathy with boy-nature. Beautiful description of a child subject to his parents, growing in stature and favour with God and man. Perhaps his own grandson, Xenophon the son of Grylus, is the prototype, and Xenophon himself a sort of ancient Victor Hugo in this matter of fondness for children.

Reads like a biographical incident in some hunt of Xenophon, boy or father. The truth of this due to sympathy cf. Cyaxares recalls John Gilpin. His first speech as a general; a fine one; a spirit of athleticism breathes through it. Paleyan somewhat, perhaps Socratic, not devoid of common sense. What is the end and aim of our training?

Not only for an earthly aim, but for a high spiritual reward, all this toil. Sounds like some Socratic counsel; the righteous man's conception of prayer and the part he must himself play. Personal virtue and domestic economy a sufficiently hard task, let alone that still graver task, the art of grinding masses of men into virtue.

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The false theory of ruling in vogue in Media: Who is this ancient teacher or who is his prototype if he is an ideal being? A sort of Socrates-Lycurgus?

Or is Xenophon thinking of the Spartan Crypteia? Colloquial exaggerated turn of phrase; almost "you could wipe them off the earth. And when they were across, they prayed once more that the gods of Media might receive them graciously, and when they had done this they embraced each other, as father and son will, and Cambyses turned back to his own city, but Cyrus went forward again, to his uncle Cyaxares in the land of Media.

And Cyrus answered, "I have 30, with me, men who have served with you before as mercenaries; and more are coming on behind, fresh troops, from the Peers of Persia. But now," he added, "have you any need of us at all? Perhaps it was only a false alarm that troubled you, and the enemy are not advancing? I want to hear, if you can tell me, so that we may make our plans.

Artamas the governor of Greater Phrygia is bringing, they say, horse, and lancers and targeteers also, 40, strong. Then there is Aribaius the king of Cappadocia with horse and 30, archers and targeteers. And Aragdus the Arabian with 10, horse, a hundred chariots, and innumerable slingers. As for the Hellenes who dwell in Asia, it is not clear as yet whether they will send a following or not. But the Phrygians from the Hellespont, we are told, are mustering in the Caystrian plain under Gabaidus, horse and 40, targeteers.

Word has been sent to the Carians, Cilicians, and Paphlagonians, but it is said they will not rise; the Lord of Assyria and Babylon will himself, I believe, bring not less than 20, horse, and I make no doubt as many as chariots, and thousands upon thousands of men on foot; such at least has been his custom whenever he invaded us before. And what do you take your own to be? And from our neighbours, the Armenians," he added, "we look to get horse and 20, foot. Tell me first the methods of fighting that the different troops adopt.

If you will give us these you will make it quite safe for us to close with the enemy, and our foes will find that flight is far pleasanter than defence. But we Persians," he added, "will deal with those who do stand firm, leaving the fugitives to you and to your cavalry, who must give them no time to rally and no time to escape. He thought no more of sending for a larger force, but set about preparing the equipment he had been asked for, and all was in readiness just about the time when the Peers arrived from Persia at the head of their own troops.

Few and forlorn they will be, I said to myself, swallowed up in a host of enemies; no good can come of it. But to-day you are here, and your men behind you, stalwart and stout of limb, and to-morrow they shall have armour like our own. None could find fault with their thews and sinews, and as for their spirit, it is for us to see it does not fail.

A leader must not only have a stout heart himself; he must see to it that his followers are as valiant as he. His very gifts, though they should be less than the gifts of equals, are valued more. These new comrades of ours," he went on, "would rather be addressed by Cyrus himself than by us, and now that they are to take their place among the Peers their title will seem to them far more secure if it is given them by the king's own son and our general-in-chief. Not that we have not still our own duties left. We are bound to do our best in every way to rouse the spirit of our men.

Shall we not gain ourselves by all they gain in valour?

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I know they are; and yet at home in the land of our fathers you did not share our rights; not that we drove you out ourselves, but you were banished by the compulsion that lay upon you to find your livelihood for yourselves. Now from this day forward, with heaven's help, it shall be my care to provide it for you; and now, if so you will, you have it in your power to take the armour that we wear ourselves, face the same perils and win the same honours, if so be you make any glorious deed your own. Each of us will wear a corslet fitted to his breast and carry a shield on his left arm of the type to which we are all accustomed, and in his right hand a sabre or a battle-axe.

With these we shall smite the enemy before us, and need have no fear that we shall miss the mark. There can be no difference except in daring. And daring you may foster in your hearts as much as we in ours. What greater right have we than you to love victory and follow after her, victory who wins for us and preserves to us all things that are beautiful and good?

Why should you, any more than we, be found lacking in that power which takes the goods of weaklings and bestows them on the strong? There lie your weapons; let him who chooses take them up and write his name with the brigadier in the same roll as ours. And if a man prefers to remain a mercenary, let him do so; he carries the arms of a servant. One and all they inscribed their names and took up the new arms.

He had learnt, he thought, that success, in whatever sphere, was only to be won by refusing to attempt a multitude of tasks and concentrating the mind on one.

Thus in the military training itself he gave up the practice with bow and javelin, leaving his men to perfect themselves in the use of sabre, shield, and corslet, accustoming them from the very first to the thought that they must close with the enemy, or confess themselves worthless as fellow-combatants; a harsh conclusion for those who knew that they were only protected in order to fight on behalf of their protectors.

The private soldier was challenged to prove himself prompt to obey, anxious to work, eager for danger, and yet ever mindful of discipline, an expert in the science of war, an artist in the conduct of his arms, and a lover of honour in all things. The petty officer commanding a squad of five was not only to equal the leading private, he must also do what he could to bring his men to the same perfection; the captain of ten must do the same for his ten, and the company's captain for the company, while the commander of the whole regiment, himself above reproach, must take the utmost care with the officers under him so that they in their turn should see that their subordinates were perfect in all their duties.

Every one of these officers had the privilege of being served by those beneath him, and various other honours also, suited to their several grades, while ampler hopes were offered for any nobler exploits. These prizes, of course, were such as to be suitable for men taken in the mass. Such were the orders of the Persian leader, and such the exercises of the Persian troops. Thus they were encamped by regiments, and in the mere fact of common quarters there was this advantage, Cyrus thought, for the coming struggle, that the men saw they were all treated alike, and therefore no one could pretend that he was slighted, and no one sink to the confession that he was a worse man than his neighbours when it came to facing the foe.

Moreover the life in common would help the men to know each other, and it is only by such knowledge, as a rule, that a common conscience is engendered; those who live apart, unknowing and unknown, seem far more apt for mischief, like those who skulk in the dark. By this system all the officers--brigadiers, company- captains, captains of the squads--could keep their men in as perfect order as if they were marching before them in single file.

He would lead the men out to hunt, or invent games for them, or if there was work to be done, he would so conduct it that they did not leave it without sweat. He believed this regimen gave them zest for their food, was good for their health, and increased their powers of toil; and the toil itself was a blessed means for making the men more gentle towards each other; just as horses that work together grow gentle, and will stand quietly side by side.

Moreover the knowledge of having gone through a common training would increase tenfold the courage with which they met the foe. In every case there was no distinction whatever between the meats for himself and for his guests. They were bound, he said, to be loyal and intelligent, alive to all a soldier's needs, active, swift, unhesitating, and withal cool and imperturbable.

Nor was that all; he was convinced that they ought also to possess those qualities which are thought to be peculiar to what we call "the better classes," and yet never despise their work, but feel that everything their commander laid upon them must be fit for them to do. Thus one day he brought the conversation round to the following theme: Or will they show themselves our equals in daily life and on the field of battle when the time comes to meet the foe?

Only the other day," he went on, "Cyaxares sent a present of sacrificial meat to every regiment. There was flesh enough for three courses apiece or more, and the attendant had handed round the first, beginning with myself. So when he came in again, I told him to begin at the other end of the board, and serve the company in that order. There's not much of it here, if we who sit in the middle are never served first at all! And I am bound to say he obeyed that order with the most exemplary alacrity. But when the dish came round to us, we found, not unnaturally, since we were the last to be served, that only a few scraps were left.

At this my man fell into the deepest dudgeon, and made no attempt to conceal it, muttering to himself, 'Just like my ill-luck! To be invited here just now and never before! But the carver, thinking he had changed his mind and did not want any more, passed on to the next man before he had time to secure his second slice.

The captain next to us seeing how matters stood rubbed his hands with glee and went into peals of laughter. And," said Hystaspas, "I took refuge in a fit of coughing myself, for really I could not have controlled my laughter. There, Cyrus," said he, "that is a specimen of our new comrades, as nearly as I can draw his portrait.

You remember the admonitions you gave us when you dismissed the regiments, and how you bade each of us instruct his own men in the lessons we had learnt from you. Well, I, like the rest of us, went off at once and set about instructing one of the companies under me. I posted the captain in front with a fine young fellow behind him, and after them the others in the order I thought best; I took my stand facing them all, and waited, with my eyes fixed on the captain, until I thought the right moment had come, and then I gave the order to advance.

I cried out, 'You, sir, what are you doing? The orders are for all to advance! One tells us to advance, the other won't let us move. So I turned to the captain who happened to know where I had left the letter lying, and bade him fetch it for me. Off he ran, and off ran my young fellow at his heels, breast-plate, battle-axe, and all. The rest of the company thought they were bound to follow suit, joined in the race, and brought my letter back in style.

That is how my company, you see, carries out your instructions to the full. A fine set they are, these new friends of ours, a most rare race! So grateful are they for any little act of courtesy, you may win a hundred hearts by a dish of meat! And so docile, some of them must needs obey an order before they have understood it! For my part I can only pray to be blest with an army like them all. You must not use such ugly names. Let me tell you what an impostor is.

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He is a man who claims to be wealthier or braver than he is in fact, and who undertakes what he can never carry out, and all this for the sake of gain. But he who contrives mirth for his friends, not for his own profit, or his hearers' loss, or to injure any man, surely, if we must needs give him a name, we ought to call him a man of taste and breeding and a messenger of wit. What fault you would have found with us!

Suppose we had been like the ballad- singers and story-tellers who put in lamentable tales in the hope of reducing their audience to tears! What would you have said about us then? Why, even now, when you know we only wish to amuse you, not to make you suffer, you must needs hold us up to shame. If you will but think, you will admit that what I say is true. It is through tears our fathers teach self-control unto their sons, and our tutors sound learning to their scholars, and the laws themselves lead the grown man to righteousness by putting him to sit in the place of penitence.

But your mirth-makers, can you say they benefit the body or edify the soul? Can smiles make a man a better master or a better citizen? Can he learn economy or statesmanship from a grin? You must have an ample store of it in reserve: So you have no excuse to be niggardly now, and cannot refuse us a smile.

And Cyrus, seeing the sombre face light up said: Now to my mind nothing is more unfair than that the base man and the good should be held of equal account. Why not simply issue a general order that you intend to do this? Was not that enough in the case of the competitions?

The troops, I take it, will feel that all they win by their services on the campaign should belong to them in common: Even the worst of men must admit that the brave should gain the most. They would prove all the better men, he thought, if they too were to be judged by their deeds and rewarded accordingly. And this was the right moment, he felt, to raise the question and put it to the vote, now when the Peers were disposed to resent being put on a level with the common people. In the end it was agreed by all the company that the question should be raised, and that every one who claimed to call himself a man was bound to argue in its favour.

I was wrong to say so much, I must confess.

When it comes to work, I must admit, he is quite ready to go short: The bulk of our soldiers, I take it, are of the type to follow a given lead: Vice, passing lightly along her path of pleasure, wins the hearts of thousands with her gifts; but Virtue, toiling up the steep ascent, has little skill to snare the souls of men and draw them after her, when all the while their comrades are calling to them on the easy downward way.

Such as they must be removed, cut out from among us, root and branch. Let me clinch my argument by examples: But after that Cyrus began to jest again. His eye fell on a certain captain who had chosen for his comrade at the feast a great hairy lad, a veritable monster of ugliness, and Cyrus called to the captain by name: Have you adopted the Hellenic fashion too?

And will you roam the world together, you and the lad who sits beside you, because there is none so fair as he? It is bliss to me to feast my eyes upon him. How has he drawn you to himself? Every time I call him, morning, noon, or night, he comes to me; never yet has he excused himself, never been too busy to attend; and he comes at a run, he does not walk. Whatever I have bidden him do, he has always done it, and at the top of his speed. He has made all the petty captains under him the very models of industry; he shows them, not by word but deed, what they ought to be.

He has no great love for work. And to kiss me, if it came to that, would mean more effort than all his exercises. But the next day Cyrus assembled the soldiers in full conclave, and spoke to them: The prizes of victory, if victory is to be ours--and we must believe it will be ours, we must make it ours--the prizes of victory will be nothing short of the enemy himself and all that he possesses.

And if the victory should be his, then, in like manner, all the goods of the vanquished must lie at the victor's feet. For there nothing that ought to be done will be left undone. But if each man thinks 'My neighbour will toil and fight, even though my own heart should fail and my own arm fall slack,' then, believe me, disaster is at the door for each and all alike, and no man shall escape.

And now I call on any man here," he added, "to stand up and say whether he believes that virtue will best be nourished among us if he who bears the greatest toil and takes the heaviest risk shall receive the highest honours. Or whether we should hold that cowardice makes no difference in the end, seeing that we all must share alike? He was a man of understanding, but his bodily presence was weak. And now he spoke thus: No, you wished to make trial of us and see whether any man would dare to claim an equal part in all that his fellows win by their nobleness, though he never struck a single valiant stroke himself.

But this I know right well, that if our mighty men put forth all their strength, I too shall receive such portion of our blessings as I may deserve. But if the cowards sit at ease and the good and brave are out of heart, then I fear that I shall get a portion, a larger than I care to think, of something that is no blessing but a curse. He was a man of the people, but well known to Cyrus in the old days at home and well-beloved by him: Now he spoke as follows: I speak of what I see: All of us alike are told to obey our leaders, and he who obeys most frankly never fails to meet with honour at the hands of Cyrus.

Valour is no longer the privilege of one class alone: The animals know well enough," he added, "when and where to guard themselves: And a knife, I remember, I never could resist: I clutched the thing whenever I caught sight of it: I did it, not because I was taught to do it, but in spite of being forbidden, like many another thing to which nature drove me, in spite of my father and mother both.

Yes, and I was never tired of hacking and hewing with my knife whenever I got the chance: And let us remember that the same prizes are offered to us all, but the stakes differ: I call the gods to witness when I say that he loves a valiant man as he loves his own soul: I have seen him give such an one more than he ever keeps for himself. They have been brought up to endure hunger and thirst, cold and nakedness, and yet they are aware that we too have been trained in the self-same school and by a better master than they: By bearing arms, weapons of war, tools that the wit of the whole human race has made as light as well could be: I would have you believe this.

And you," he added, turning to his fellows, "you, men of the people, I would have you plunge into the battle and match yourselves with these gentlemen-warriors: And it was resolved that each man should be honoured according to his deserts and that Cyrus should be the judge. So the matter ended, and all was well. Cyrus had marked the officer one day when he was drilling his men; he had drawn up the ranks in two divisions, opposite each other, ready for the charge. They were all wearing corslets and carrying light shields, but half were equipped with stout staves of fennel, and half were ordered to snatch up clods of earth and do what they could with these.

But when they came to close quarters the men of the staves had their turn: Then there was an exchange of weapons, and the other side had their revenge: In every way he was pleased, and then and there he bade them all to dinner. But at the feast many of the guests wore bandages, some on their hands, others on their legs, and Cyrus saw it and asked what had befallen them.

They told him they had been bruised by the clods. But here those who had been carbonaded by that weapon broke in and protested loudly that it was anything but sport to be clubbed at short range, and in proof thereof they showed the weals on hand and neck and face. Thus they laughed at one another as soldiers will; and on the next day the whole plain was studded with combats of this type, and whenever the army had nothing more serious in hand, this sport was their delight.

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They were advancing in single file on his left, and at the proper moment he ordered the second company to wheel round and draw up to the front alongside the first, and then the third, and then the fourth; and when the company- captains were all abreast, he passed the word along, "Companies in twos," and the captains-of-ten came into line; and then at the right moment he gave the order, "Companies in fours," and the captains of five wheeled round and came abreast, and when they reached the tent doors he called a halt, made them fall into single file once more, and marched the first company in first, and then the second at its heels, and the third and fourth behind them, and as he introduced them, he seated them at the table, keeping the order of their entry.

What Cyrus commended was the quiet method of instruction and the care the officer showed, and it was for that he invited him and all his regiment to dinner in the royal tent. Day after day, morning and evening, whenever we come in for a meal we do just the same as they, and when the meal is over the hindmost man of the last company leads out his men with their fighting-order reversed, and the next company follows, led by their hindmost man, and then the third, and then the fourth: And as soon as we are drawn up on the parade- ground we set off marching east, and I lead off with all my divisions behind me, in their regular order, waiting for my word.

By-and-by we march west, and then the hindmost man of the last division leads the way, but they must still look to me for commands, though I am marching last: And since you do it all twice over every day, it is only fair to give you dinner twice. But the next day Cyrus was as good as his word. He had all the regiment to dinner; and the day after he invited them again: Officers and men were quick to obey; so that in a trice the whole force on the field was drawn up, one hundred deep and three hundred abreast, with their officers at the head.

However the road leading to the royal quarters was too narrow to let them pass with so wide a front and Cyrus sent word along the line that the first detachment, one thousand strong, should follow as they were, and then the second, and so on to the last, and as he gave the command he led on without a pause and all the detachments followed in due order, one behind the other. And when they reached the gates, Cyrus told the leading brigadier to draw up his regiment round the palace, twelve deep, the front rank facing the building, and this command he was to pass on to the second, and the second to the third, and so on till the last.

Cyaxares was well pleased at his celerity, but troubled by the plainness of his attire, and said to him, "What is the meaning of this, Cyrus? How could you show yourself in this guise to the Indians? I wished you to appear in splendour: Or as now, when to show you respect I obey you with this despatch and bring you so large and fine a force, although I wear no ornament but the dust and sweat of speed, and make no display unless it be to show you these men who are as obedient to you as I am myself.

And now go and make inquiry of him, if you are so minded, and see what answer he will give. Then Cyrus turned to the ambassadors: And when they had gone out Cyrus turned to his uncle and began, "Cyaxares, when I came to you I had scant wealth of my own and of the little I brought with me only a fragment is left. I have spent it all on my soldiers.

You may wonder at this," he added, "when it is you who have supported them, but, believe me, the money has not been wasted: And if it is for war that we need such trusty helpers, we can only win the men we want by every charm of word and grace of deed. For our true ally must be a friend and not a foe, one who can never envy the prosperity of his leader nor betray him in the day of disaster. But to look to you for everything, when I know that you spend so much already, would be monstrous in my eyes.

I only ask that we should take counsel together so as to prevent the failure of your funds. I am well aware that if you won great wealth, I should be able to help myself at need, especially if I used it for your own advantage.

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And I cannot decide whether to march on him at once and try to subdue him by force, or let the matter be for the time, for fear of adding to the enemies we have. I took good care of that. But he has the hill-country to which he can retire, and there for the moment lie secure, knowing that he himself is safely out of reach, with everything that he can convoy thither; unless we are prepared to carry on a siege, as my father actually did. And I even hope that in the future he may become a firmer friend that he is now.

I have been told that his sons were your companions in the chase when you were lads, and possibly old habits will return and they will come over to you.

Once they were in our power, everything could be done as we desire. I have often hunted the marches between your country and Armenia with all my men, and sometimes I have taken horsemen with me from our comrades here. We might give out that I intend to hold a splendid hunt and I might ask you openly for a troop of horse. And as a matter of fact," he added, "I do wish to see them and put them in as strong a state as possible. Then, as soon as you have started with your men, and marched, let us say, for a couple of days, I could send you a good round number of horse and foot from my own detachment.

And when you have them at your back, you could advance at once, and I will follow with the rest of my men as near you as I may, close enough to appear in time of need. Meanwhile Cyrus offered sacrifice for the success of his expedition and found an opportunity to ask Cyaxares for a troop of his junior cavalry.

But Cyaxares would only spare a few, though many wished to go. Soon afterwards he started for the outposts himself with all his horse and foot, and then Cyrus found the omens favourable for his enterprise, and led his soldiers out as though he meant to hunt. The omen pleased Cyrus well, and he bowed in worship to Zeus the King, and said to his company, "This shall be a right noble hunt, my friends, if God so will.

And thus they took great numbers of boars and stags and antelopes and wild-asses: The next day he hunted till he reached the mountains which were his goal. And there he halted again and made the evening meal. At this point he knew that the army from Cyaxares was advancing, and he sent secretly to them and bade them keep about eight miles off, and take their evening meal where they were, since that would make for secrecy. And when their meal was over he told them to send their officers to him, and after supper he called his own brigadiers together and addressed them thus: He is the game we have come to catch, if catch we can.

And this, I think, is the way. You, Chrysantas," said he, "will sleep for a few hours, and then take half the Persians with you, make for the hill country, and seize the heights which we hear are his places of refuge when alarmed. I will give you guides. If they should come across any Armenians they can either make them prisoners and prevent them from spreading the news, or at least scare them out of the way, so that they will not realise the whole of your force, and only take measures against a pack of thieves.

At break of day I shall take half the foot and all the cavalry and march along the level straight to the king's residence. If he resists, we must fight, if he retreats along the plain we must run him down, if he makes for the mountains, why then," said Cyrus, "it will be your business to see that none of your visitors escape. And once more, because you can race up a mountain yourself you are not to lead on your men at the double; suit your pace to the strength of all. He took the guides, and gave the necessary orders for those who were to march with him, and then he lay down to rest.

And when all his men had had the sleep he thought sufficient he set out for the hills. And if he asks whether I am advancing myself, tell the truth again and say that you do not know. And if he enquires how many we are, bid him send some one with you to find out. Then he drew up his troops himself in the order best suited for marching, and, if necessary, for fighting, and so set forth.

The soldiers had orders that not a soul was to be wronged, and if they met any Armenians they were to bid them to have no fear, but open a market wherever they wished, and sell meat or drink as they chose. Is this historical, i. Are any of the names real or all invented to give verisimilitude? Any touch of the sycophancy of the future in it? As in modern Germany, a touch of that involved in the system of royalty. The raw material is good, but not worked up.

Important for the conception of Hellenic democracy cf. Daring, courage, virtue-- there is no monopoly of these things. Xenophon has bump of economy strongly developed; he resembles J. The economic methodism, the mosaic interbedding, the architectonic structure of it all, a part and parcel of Xenophon's genius. Was Alexander's army a highly-organised, spiritually and materially built-up, vitalised machine of this sort?

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