Get Started In Pig Keeping: Amateur pigkeeping for pleasure or profit: a practical introduction (Tea

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This was the view from our bedroom on Monday evening, the new moon rising over The Lincolnshire Wolds. I spent many hours looking at it that night and as it soared higher into to the sky it lit the whole of the river valley, nature is so beautiful it's nice to reflect on it sometimes. The Lincolnshire Wolds are a series of hills, a limestone ridge, which runs parallel to the east coast. It's the highest ground in the East of England and the ridge itself is home to many rare wildflowers, it's very popular with walkers too but best of all it's the view from our bedroom window.

Unloading the car Last Monday our three not so little any more pigs made their final journey, we used a fantastic small abattoi r who guided us novices through the whole process and treated our animals with respect in their final minutes. On Wednesday the carcasses were delivered to our local butcher, who guided and advised me through the cutting process. On Monday I collected the freezer ready meat all nicely packaged and labelled as well as 3 loins in cure which will become bacon and 3 boned legs of pork in a cure to become hams.

I guess you can't win them all. Some of this went into sausage skins others were pressed into burgers, and the Italian flavour ones were turned into meatballs and mince mix ready for an easy spag bol! We also received 10lbs of back fat, some of which we rendered into lard for domestic use the rest has been mixed with bird seed and dried fruit to make homemade fat balls for the garden birds We really enjoyed pigkeeping but learned a few lessons along the way, like next time keep them over summer!

Food & Farming

We wont have any more this year as it will take us a while to work our way through the meat mountain, in fact we plan to keep a few lambs this year if we can get hold of a few orphans in the next few months. Santa was really good to me this year, he brought me the most perfect gift, something I have wanted for a long time, a few weeks before Christmas this arrived: Ashford traditional wheel I have wanted to learn to spin for several years and after some encouragement and a few practices on her wheel from a spinning friend I took the plunge and ordered a wheel.

It is great spinning in the company of others you learn so much more than from books alone. So far I have fleece from the following breeds Jacob the picture above is Jacob Shetland Torwen welsh sheep Ouessant mini French sheep Ryeland Southdown The fleeces are in a range of colours from jet black through to white and all shades of brown grey and cream in between. As well as spinning raw fleece I have ordered some ready to spin 'roving' also know as 'tops' from World of Wool , this is much easier to spin than fleece but costs much more.

Trees, Wildflowers & Plants

I have ordered 3 colourways: Spinning is very relaxing lulling me into an almost Zen like state and it is totally addictive. Only downside is there aren't enough hours in the day to spend doing it, although the recent bad weather has meant doing a little more than usual. In the aftermath of the high winds two of our chicken coops imploded and a huge crack willow fell we decided we needed to work on creating some shelter for the chicken enclosure from the south easterly winds.

After a bit of research we decided on a willow fedge, we had planted some small cuttings of willow and most seem to have taken but they are just too small to offer any protection. These will be transplanted elsewhere , and may in time be harvested as more fedge material.

A fedge is a cross between a fence and a hedge and offers an almost instantaneous permeable barrier. Essentially a fedge filters the wind and calms it , the air which goes over the top is buffeted away by the filtered air below which prevents it from heading ground-ward. This leads to improved air circulation on the side opposite the prevailing wind and the creation of a micro-climate. We began by banging a few 5ft posts in about 6ft apart we then made planting holes with a thin dibber a foot apart along the length of the fedge line, 2 willow whips ft long were placed side by side in each hole and pushed in to a depth of about 12 inches then the fun began!

The weaving took longer than expected and it was definitely a 2 person job, as we needed to tie in the branches where they crossed to prevent them un-weaving. In essence one of the 2 whips goes left and the other right but they alternate between going in front of and behind at the points at which they cross the other whips. Once the willow starts to grow we will need to continue to weave it in once it reaches about 6ft tall we will cut off the growing tips to encourage bushing out, also anything above this height it seems can create turbulence in the area we want to protect.

We look forward to seeing it grow and hope it has the desired effect on the chicken coop. Its been a while I know and this will be a quick post too, just wanted to share a picture of our latest re-purposing project. This belfast sink was up until recently buried on the smallholding, then it was used as a trough for the pigs but they found it a bit too easy to get into. So having drooled for years over those stone troughs with alpine plants in at garden centres I made my own.

The old galvanised sheep trough we painted and planted with herbs last year is doing well and has kept us in parsley, bay and rosemary all winter, I have even taken some cutting which have all rooted. The next re-purposed planter is going to be one of these: Its been just over a year since we moved and started our smallholding, I thought now would be a good idea to see how well we have stuck to our 'permaculture principles'.

The pond was dug in an area of the field which naturally held water,the spoil was used to create a bank around the pond and scattered with wild flowers to create a nectar bar for bees and insects. A woodland was planned and planted at the north end in an arc pattern to create a shelter belt from those cold north winds, and in line with Permaculture zoning this area which needs the least attention is furthest from the house.

We have insulated our house as much as possible to minimise the use of fossil fuel in our case oil and harvested rainwater for use in the garden and for the animals. We have collected and chopped firewood all spring to use over winter and we have preserved and frozen lots of food energy too animal and vegetable. I would really love a form of electric generation but funds prohibit this at this stage , and wind turbines are not welcomed in our district which is sad.

Who can say these are ugly? Obtain a yield This one would seem simple but permaculture is not just about gardening, the principles can be applied to everyday life. A yield could be sharing a meal and offering comfort, skill sharing, giving time to help others in your community. Hubby volunteers at a local woodland, planting tidying and coppicing local woodlands. Our first home grown bacon Apply self-regulation and respond to feedback To me this section is about looking to both the past and the future, recognising things that work and those that don't.

We have benefited from hedges planted by past generations, both in shelter terms as well as the fact they provide homes for wildlife for us to watch.

They also provide us with wild produce which we have eaten and added value to to create a small income. From them, we get food building materials, and fuel. They also provide shade during summer for cooling our homes, blocking the wind, filtering the air, and releasing oxygen. We plan to add more trees and shrubs so that we end up with a diverse age range of plant material, this is key to biodiversity and longevity.

Produce no waste This area is the one we need to improve on the most, whilst the garden itself produces no waste, and it provides an opportunity to recycle some of the household waste peelings, paper, card as well as clothing made from natural fibres the waste which leaves our home in collections could be improved. Part of the problem comes from sharing our home with someone who doesn't embrace our lifestyle choice fully, my eldest son is most definitely a consumer The majority of waste that leaves our house comes from him, he will be leaving home soon which will solve our bin problem but I worry it won't help the planet.

We are lucky in that our council has a very wide ranging doorstep recycling scheme and at least everyone in the house sorts their rubbish for collection. I will follow this post up outlining our achievements in other areas in the next few weeks , but want to ask how many of you reflect on your goals and achievements? We have done a lot of work in recent weeks renovating the back garden, This garden is north facing but gets the sun from noon until sunset.

We began by replacing the old fence above with the new one below, this fence borders our neighbours 'wild' field after what seemed like months of pulling weed seedlings out of the garden last year we decided we needed a more solid barrier. As well as keeping the weeds back it will also create the perfect backdrop to show off the plants. The garden itself consists of a central bed surrounded by a path which is again surrounded by borders, the planting is cottage garden in style and the central bed has a few large shrubs. The gardens original owner planted plants for their sensory qualities and we have added where possible to keep this theme.

Last year we built a deck in this little corner its just big enough for two armchairs and a little table , perfect for watching the sun go down. I can often be found here hving a cuppa and surveying all the hard work we have done, the kids never think to look here for me either which is a bonus.

I have a few pots to go in this area I must get them in position, they are filled with fuchsias and Dianthus. The wall on the right is the back of our neighbours outbuildings a milking parlour and dairy for cheese making and is covered in scented climbers.

The winter Honeysuckle is scent-sational as is the Viburnum Burkwoodii planted by the gate. This is one of the views from the deck, dense planting so as to crowd out any weeds, well at least that's the theory. This is the view into the central bed , not so much work been done here , pretty much left it as we found it , there's a large bamboo which makes me nervous as its close to the house and our Victorian septic tank.

Bamboos can be incredibly invasive causing damage to buildings and foundations but I am assured this is not one of the thugs. This is the opposite side of the garden adjoining the field, most of the plants here were rescued from a local country house which dug up its borders after a decision to close to the public and reduce it's staffing. They are filling out nicely and it was great having access to big clumps of healthy plants, certainly save us a few quid , but its a shame to see the gardeners life's work dug up.

So that is your tour of the garden , It will be a while before you get to see the front one as it is undergoing some major changes, including yet another sitting and relaxing spot in the form of a summerhouse, I promise we do work hard not just spend the days sitting around! Following on from the garden post I was inspired to start a new feature, each month I will pick a bouquet of flowers for the house and share them with you too.

Here is June's bouquet, a mixture of roses, poppies, centaurea, ferns, black elder, geranium and foxgloves, oh and a bit of feverfew. I have always like playing with flowers , I did a short flower arranging course Can't wait til July: Sorry for neglecting this Blog, real life gets in the way far too often and we spend so much time "doing" we never seem to have time to re-examine.

It has been almost two years to the day since we moved here and I still don't feel like a proper smallholder, or at least I didn't until the beginning of July, this was when these chaps arrived Meet Beano, Dandy and Dennis, they are staying with us for the summer, eating our grass and making me smile on a daily basis. They belong to a friend who has too many sheep and not enough grass our payment in lieu of rent and care will be half a carcass of prime Lincolnshire lamb. I have despaired at the fact they won't be sheared before they go to the butcher in November, as they all have lovely fleece however I am hoping to have the skins to turn into rugs.

I gather there is some special paperwork at the abattoir when isn't there? It is strange to think that in the last two years we have raised hens for eggs and meat, quail and ducks and kept three pigs but it was someone else's stock that made us feel like "proper" smallholders, I think perhaps it was to do with being seen as trustworthy enough to care for what is essentially valuable assets.

The arrangements suit us perfectly as when there owner comes to do any healthcare jobs we get to help and learn, which will help when we get sheep of our own. We will definitely keep sheep of our own next year, probably orphan lambs as we don't really have enough land to keep ewes and lambs. Its not a complete disaster on the fleece front either as the owners of the sheep have fleeces from the parents and older sisters of the boys that I can take my pick of. I have quite a collection of fleece now and need to start the long process of washing it all before the lovely weather we have been used to disappears.

My spinning has improved loads but there aren't enough hours in the day at the moment, come winter when outdoor jobs are less pressing I will be happily pedalling away hopefully sitting on a new sheepskin rug. Apologies for the lack of posts , I lost my blogging mojo a bit but I think its back now so an update. Currently we have 13 hens and a cockerel, 2 hens are sitting on eggs one of which we have no idea for how long we found her in a box of wood shavings in the barn.

Both broodies are sitting tight so fingers crossed that in a fortnight we will be overrun with chicks, the second hen is sat on some bought in eggs from a friend these are an autosexing type so should be able to figure out the cockerels from day one. Last years cockerels are all in the freezer I hate this job I always think its not worth the effort involved but needs must. We have about 25 quail hens and a couple of cocks, I gave a talk in january about quail keeping which generated some interest in bird sales unfortunately my first hatch of the season was an epic fail , I am blaming the borrowed incubator but it could have been the eggs.

I always buy eggs online and before now never had a problem. Never mind only 18 days to hatch so will pop some more in my own little incubator next week. We got of to a tricky start with ducks as the first ones we had were stolen one night, by people rather than a fox as I don't think mr fox knows how to open a field gate!

They left us the drake which the fox eventually took but we started again and now have 7 ducks. We acquired 4 orphan lambs 3 weeks ago they are growing fast but I am shattered , it's like having a baby again! We chose to raise lamb this way as we struggled to buy weaned lambs at a good price last year and ended up raising someone else's lambs as a trial run instead. They are commercially bred mules but so cute, destined for the freezer in November, probably the hardest challenge yet.

Piglets are on order and due here at the end of april, we spent a bit of time upgrading their accommodation as it got wet in their last year so a concrete pad has been laid under their ark. The veg plot is all but asleep but this week has seen a flurry of seed sowing activity, chillies and peppers were sown in january and are growing well in the house I find these need a bit more of a head start. So whilst we have been quiet we have been busy and will try and keep you up to date more often in the future x.

There are several types of quail such as Mearns, Rain, Harlequin, Californian, Button and Bobwhite but these are primarily aviary birds. The best breed for meat and eggs are Japanese or Coturnix Quail rather confusingly sometimes known colloquially as Italian or Texan quail.

The expected lifespan of a quail is years given their quick reproductive cycle and the speed at which they mature it is unfortunate that they have historically been keenly sought after by the animal testing companies. Quail are not hardy birds n or are they completely domesticated so require housing where they are kept contained and can shelter from the wind, an indoor and outdoor set up is ideal. Quail are very cheap to feed; I feed mine on a Commercial pellets are available but not locally and cost a lot more, quail need a higher protein ration than hens so i supplement this feed with a few mealworms a day too.

Usually in the evening and not in the same place or in a nest box they are just dropped and left, eggs weigh about 10g and are about a fifth of the size of a hens egg. I find it best to label as per hens eggs with name and address etc and include a 2 week use by date. Domesticated birds seem to have lost the ability to brood their eggs , none of mine have shown any inclination to become mothers and I incubate artificially.

Brooding is done using a simple plastic box with fireglow bulb, the box has a lid as the birds can fly within a week and escape the box, ask me how I know! Sexing is really tricky, some colours can be sexed at 3 weeks but with the others usually its best to wait their behaviour gives them away. The birds can be weaned off heat after the first full week and join existing birds at about four , a spell in a cage in the run with older birds whilst they get to know each other is advised to keep fighting to a minimum. Unfortunately they do fight a lot, during the breeding season I keep the males in individual pens and allow the females the run of the coop.

The gold gene is dominant but be aware a double dose is lethal and causes a failure to hatch. The theme was of course easter but the skills we learned were transferable, Sandra was a really good teacher despite this being a relatively new venture for her she was most patient especially as we were so slow. We had a fantastic time and both made something far better than we expected. I have done a little flower arranging over the years but not had any training as such, the impetus for doing so now was the purchase of some very expensive Sarah Raven cut flower seeds.

The plan was to creates some simple bouquets for selling on our gardening group's monthly Farmers market stall, currently we sell plants but no cut flowers. Hopefully the seeds will grow well, we are going to grow them in a raised bed in the veg plot and treat them as a crop rather than part of the garden, that way I won't feel guilty about cutting them. This project is one of many we are hoping to add to our money making repertoire , I am also planning to make a range of toiletries handmade soaps , hand creams and salves etc aimed at gardeners. Again I have made soap before but only for home use, if the sums add up this could be a profitable venture but I have yet to investigate the legal aspect too closely.

My husband is about to become a first time beekeeper, this has been an expensive start up so adding value to the products he produces is key. As well as selling honey he hopes to make candles and i should be able to use honey and beeswax in my products too. The big push to earn a small income is that he will be retiring early at the beginning of next year and we will have a little less income than we do at present.

So what did I make at the flower arranging class? A lovely table centrepiece containing freesias, ranunculus, chrysanthemums and several types of eucalyptus foliage. I hope you will agree it's very pretty , the quails eggs are of course from my birds and the chocolate ones provided at the workshop are of course long gone. What things do you do to create a little extra cash?

They're also habitat for the larvae of the Comma. Peacock, Red Admiral and Small Tortoiseshell butterflies as well as the native ladybirds so try and not be too enthusiastic with the weeding. Tagging must happen in the first 20 days and registration in the first 27 days after birth. In the meantime, we are looking forward to our first calf on the holding. Imogen will calve outside and should have a trouble-free birth, as she has done this many times before, and Shetlands have a good reputation for being easy calvers.

Her udder should enlarge and may even dribble colostrum and she will start mooing softly as she talks to her calf. If she has any problems, we will call the vet out to her, but hopefully she will manage by herself, and I look forward to sharing this with you in my next article, which will talk about getting the cows mated and the options available 27 July TIM TYNE LIVESTOCK PONIES Our new pony is totally impervious to the comings and goings of a busy farmyard, and the children can do pretty much anything with him Time to test a working pony Is there a viable future for pony power?

Tim and Dot Tyne intend to find out. Their first task was to find a suitable animal - and the one they chose was Tiki Most people embarking on a trial of this nature would probably already have a pony. In many ways, this may be seen as an advantage, but it could also lead to rather biased conclusions being drawn — no one would want to admit to the experiment being a failure, if the future of a much-loved family pony were at stake! The society's membership is worldwide, reflecting the popularity and versatility of Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

To find out more, visit the website www. Having ascertained that, by sub-dividing a currently under-utilised area of rough land close to our yard and buildings, we could provide grazing for a small native pony without encroaching on any of our existing farming activities, we went in search of a suitable animal! Having said that, we determined not to spend much. Relying on the local grapevine to inform us of where we might find something appropriate, we began looking for a native type pony in the region of 11 — We felt that this size and specification would give us optimum pulling power with minimal maintenance costs.

However, these semi-feral ponies are essentially little more than wild creatures, and we were not really game for breaking and training an unhandled animal. We thought so, but went to have a look anyway. First impressions count for a lot, and our first impression was that yes, indeed, this was the right sort for the job in hand, but oh! Temperament and conformation were the principal considerations, with breeding being of no significance whatsoever. However, the measuring stick put him at only Having spent some time in a roadside A carthorse in miniature.

Where did he get those feathery legs? He had a long and rather complicated name when he came, which we shortened to Tiki. With his straggly beard and flowing blonde mane, we think he bears an uncanny resemblance to the disreputable, yet defiant, appearance of Thor Heyerdahl and his colleagues at the end of their crossing of the Pacific Ocean on the balsa raft Kon-Tiki. I wonder if there are some parallels here? For our purposes, this type of upbringing would stand him in better stead than any amount of structured schooling. He had youth on his side, too.

On the other hand, he was too small and too expensive. To be fair, I think that, had he been just a few inches taller, the vendor could have asked for, and got, a much, much higher price for such a good-natured animal. We fetched him home one wild night in November, and it was testament to his character that he walked straight into our torch-lit livestock trailer without batting an eyelid. We travelled him loose, and he chose to face rearwards, the way all equines prefer to travel if given the choice. When we arrived, he looked as cheerful as when we left, despite the bumpy ride through a howling gale!

It seemed a little unfair to chuck him straight out into an unknown field in the dark and the wind and rain, so we put him in a loose yard in the big shed, together with a group of heifers. He quickly made himself at home, shouldering the cattle away from the feed barrier to snatch a mouthful of hay. Please telephone for delivery quote.

Our arks detach from the floors for easy cleaning and moving. We want your arks to last. Green box profile roof, mmx10mm lapboard with an external spray preservative. Complete with tanalised wooden floor to keep pigs dry and reduce straw usage. Skids and lifting hooks for easy movement. Delivered ready for immediate occupation no assembly required. Your ark will be delivered on our own transport with onboard crane. This enables us to place the ark over fences, ditches and hedges. If you have experienced a problem with Red Mite then these fantastic houses are for you — they can be hosed and washed out and will be dry within minutes and unlike timber they will last virtually forever.

Ask a dozen pig-keepers what they prefer to feed and how much, and you will get a dozen different replies. When you're just starting off rearing pigs to pork weight, the simplest and most foolproof way is to buy in a ready-made feed which provides a wellbalanced diet in an easy-to-serve form. Some people will tell you they mix their own feeds, often a combination of traditional cereals such as barley, wheat, maize, and oats, with added vitamins and minerals for good measure.

However, unless you have the time, knowledge, and plenty of dry, vermin-proof storage space, I'd recommend sticking to bagged feed — at least until you have found your feet and have had time to do your own research. The main objective at this stage, when you are caring for your first weaners, is to raise healthy pigs which grow well and produce great pork. I don't mix my own feed, simply because I've been pleased with the results from proprietary feeds. Feeding ready-made pellets is no hassle, the bags are a manageable size, and the feed stays fresh until I am ready to use it.

F My view is that the big feed companies have spent decades employing scientists and nutritionists to work out the perfect balance of ingredients, so why should I, as a complete amateur, think I could do better? Last year, I started a part-time animal science degree course, and had to get to grips with formulating rations for horses and dogs. I would be lying if I said I enjoyed it. Life is too short to spend working out digestible energy levels with a scientific calculator. The old days, when pig-keepers saved all kinds of food scraps, are long gone.

The foot and mouth outbreak of was traced back to a farm where pigs had been fed unprocessed waste food. The epidemic that followed saw more than six million animals slaughtered.

It is now illegal to feed any kitchen waste to farm animals, whether from catering establishments or residential properties — even if the food prepared is vegetarian. Some people might see this decision as a little Draconian, but a total ban does, at least, remove any misunderstandings and grey areas. I found it was worth investing in plastic trough drinkers which refill themselves. Once connected to the water supply, your worries about pigs going thirsty are over - unless, of course, they manage to disconnect the pipe, knock over the drinking bath, or wreck it completely by trying to climb inside on a hot day!

However, both you and the person supplying the products have to register with Defra. More information is available from the Defra helpline or the online at www. If in doubt, contact your local Animal Health Divisional Office for clarification. Off-the-shelf foods When your weaners leave their mother, they will have got used to eating solid food. By the time you buy your weaners, they may probably be on grower pellets, which are bigger than creep pellets, but have a slightly lower protein content still higher than normal sow pellets. This food can be fed up to pork weight. This can be fed towards the end of the rearing process, from about 16 weeks, and is supposedly formulated to stop the pigs laying down too much fat.

Well, I'll let you into a secret: I don't bother with all these different formulations. That has worked for me for many, many years now, and I'm sticking to it. Last year, I went to a nutrition talk given by one of the big feed manufacturers, and was convinced enough by the patter to invest in some of their creep and grower food.

There wasn't - apart from the extra money I paid out. If your weaners are a modern breed and you are looking to produce pork quickly — say, in four months instead of six — it may be worth paying the extra. However, with traditional, slow-growing breeds, which have a tendency to run to fat, I reckon you can't go wrong with feeding a sow ration right through. I provide as much fresh fruit and veg as I can, but I treat this as a supplement - not as a partial replacement for the pellets.

Try and save money by swapping feed for fruit and veg and your pigs will lose condition. If your pigs look too thin, they need more food; if they are too fat, cut back a little.

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I split the daily feed ration into two portions, to avoid bloating and scouring diarrhoea. It also gives the pigs something to look forward to, and means I have more chance of spotting changes in health and behaviour. I prefer to feed by scattering the food evenly across the ground, so that all the pigs have a good chance of getting all they need to eat. If it's really muddy, I use a trough, because otherwise much of the food gets trodden into the ground. The trough should be big enough to allow all your animals to feed at the same time. If not, fights will break out and the less forceful pigs will be pushed out of the way.

When I'm rearing for bacon, I keep them on this same ration until they reach about 32 weeks. This method works well for me with Tamworths, but breeds will vary slightly. Other factors affect growth: Treats for pigs that you can grow in your own garden. Ideal for grass topping, chain harrowing and much more.

Also available for hire. Very good original condition. Useful and save work. One augur of your choice comes with machine. Peas and Green Beans — Runner, French etc. Cucurbits and tomatoes Brassicas — the rest of the family Parsnips Broad Beans Turnips and Swedes Sweetcorn With a square-ended hoe, create flat drills mm wide and 80mm deep, and into these sow three staggered lines of seeds 25mm apart.

Cover with soil and firm. Allow 45cms between each drill to enable easy picking once the crop is mature and support dwarf varieties with old tree prunings pushed into the ground. The taller types will require a tent-shaped framework of bamboo canes covered with pea netting erected to one side of the row. Being high in protein, pea seeds are highly sought after as food for mice and other creatures. If this is a particular problem, then sow under cover in deep boxes and plant out later, or, sow the seed in gutters. Take a length of plastic guttering the square, flat-bottomed type is best as it sits upright on a glasshouse bench , attach two end stops and fill it with a loam-based compost.

Sow three lines of seeds 25mm apart along the length of the guttering and cover with compost. Keep it moist until the seeds have germinated and then excavate a drill as described above. Thoroughly soak the compost in the guttering and then holding the guttering at 45 degrees to the drill; carefully shake the guttering whilst sliding the strip of peas into the drill.

While this is probably a very effective preventative measure, it would tend to detract from the overall health benefits of this crop, and legumes have more than most. They are low in fat and cholesterol, are a good source of fibre and protein, with this group forming a primary source of protein in most vegetarian diets. Legumes are not too difficult to grow either - even without the red lead and paraffin.

Although not difficult to grow, nevertheless some legumes will benefit from careful management. Due to their susceptibility to frost, peas, runner and French beans have a relatively short growing season in the UK climate and will quickly show the effects if I deprived of water and nutrients. Poor flower set, loss of flowers and a premature end to growth are typical symptoms of the above. Soil To this end the soil should be deeply cultivated, fertile, and not too acid. Ideally, carry out cultivations in the autumn, adding well-rotted manure, or 34 July ALAN BEAT Runner beans Runner beans are deep-rooting, hungry and thirsty plants and benefit enormously from being grown on compost trenches as detailed below.

Despite being perennials, this very tender crop is most commonly grown as an annual in the UK, the dramatic collapse of the plants in September, or October, often signifying the first frost of winter. If you have problems with mice, and do not wish to resort to paraffin and red lead, then sow indoors in boxes in April or, alternatively, outdoors in May to avoid any late frosts damaging the newly-emerged plants. Erect a tent-style framework of bamboo canes, ensuring it is sufficiently sturdy to cope with strong winds as, when covered with vegetation, it presents a considerable sail-like barrier to the movement of air.

Sow two seeds at the base of each cane to allow for failures , with the canes being mm apart in the row with mm between the rows. Indoor—grown transplants should be thoroughly watered and planted out on a cool, overcast day. Continue with regular watering until the transplants are established, but keep moist throughout the life of the plant, especially once flowering begins. Install automatic vents in glasshouses to regulate temperature and reduce watering demand.

Fruit Carry out summer pruning of restricted forms of fruit espaliers, cordons etc to reduce unwanted vigour. Regularly water all fruit thoroughly during dry periods. Vegetables Continue with successive sowings of lettuce, general salads and spring onions. Pay careful attention to the watering of all newly-planted material which is yet to establish. Sow spring cabbage and overwintering red cabbage and onions. Pinch out runner bean tips once they reach top of support. Lawns Increase frequency of cutting to cope with growth rather than scalping the lawn now and again. Leave major lawn repairs till wetter conditions arrive.

Ornamentals All frost-sensitive bedding and hanging baskets can now be moved outside, remembering to establish a regular watering routine. Prune Philadelphus, Deutzia and Spiraea once flowering has finished. Broad beans compost, as you work. Rake the soil down to a tilth in spring and, after planting, ensure adequate water is supplied over the life of crop, but especially once flower production begins. Alternatively, excavate a mm deep trench in the area to be planted and over the winter add layers of kitchen waste to this, covering each layer with one of soil to deter vermin.

Compost trenches such as these help provide easy access for the roots of the new plants in spring, a source of moisture and nutrients as the legumes develop and an efficient means of disposing of waste. Harvesting Unlike many other vegetable crops, regular harvesting is obligatory with legumes. Once they come on stream, the pods need to be picked on a weekly basis even if they are not needed.

Give away any unwanted produce to neighbours or friends, or even consign it to the compost heap rather than leave it on the vine. Allowing pods to mature into the seed-carrying vessels they are designed to be is the quickest way to convince the plant it has achieved its end and result in the cessation of further flower and pod production. Fresh produce is always the best, so pick regularly and often. Although broad beans can be sown in autumn, a safer bet is to wait until early spring, or to sow in boxes indoors in late January and transplant into their final position when they are large enough to handle.

Plant in double rows, mm apart, with mm between each plant. Allowing m between each double row should provide sufficient space for growth and access. Most broad beans will require a support system. An effective and simple method is to insert metre-long tree prunings into the soil alongside the plants when they are approximately mm high. Alternatively, wooden uprights with crosspieces arranged like the Cross of Lorraine are placed at the end of each row with string running between each cross providing the support.

Colonies of black aphids usually appear on the upper stems of plants from late May onwards causing direct physical damage and transmitting viruses. Pinch out the top mm of the plant to remove the pest and spray with soft soap to control further infestations. Broad beans have a protective skin which becomes leathery as the beans mature. Peel this off to reveal the sweet, tender part of the bean. Avoid pods bulging with beans, as this is an indication of age. French beans or Green beans are small green beans that are eaten in the long green pods. Steam or simmer in salted boiling water for a few minutes until tender, but still crisp.

Runner beans are tender and succulent when young. The pods should snap easily to reveal a fresh and juicy inside. Top and tail, and remove the stringy bits running up both sides. Very small young beans can be served whole, either raw or briefly cooked. Larger runner beans should be finely sliced diagonally so that the skin cooks relatively quickly, before the seeds have become too soft. Runner beans can be boiled, steamed or stir-fried. Green Peas, also known as garden peas, are enclosed in a green pod.

Small young peas or early summer peas are wonderfully sweet and tender with a delightful flavour and are well worth the trouble of shelling. They need only the briefest boiling. Shell the peas just before you cook them in boiling water with a pinch of sugar for about two to three minutes. Alternatively, toss fresh peas in a little butter or oil for two minutes. Sugar peas or mange-tout eat-it-all with their tiny peas and tender pods can be cooked and eaten whole in their pods.

The lemon-infused oil really brings out the flavour of the broad beans.

Drain well, refresh in cold water and drain again. Slip each bean out of its skin into a large bowl — you should end up with about g of bright emerald green beans. Lightly crush the beans with a fork, Stir in the lemon-infused oil and herbs. Cut the bread into 14 x 2. Toast the bread on both sides on the barbecue if using Rub the toast with the garlic clove. Scoop some of the broad bean mixture on top of each piece of toast. Top with the torn mozzarella, garnish with a basil leaf and drizzle with a little more olive oil.

Sprinkle with freshly ground black pepper. Cheap fertiliser Although not a crop in itself, many legumes can be employed to improve the quality of our growing generally, reducing reliance on external supplies of fertilizer. The key nutrient involved in plant growth is nitrogen. One way of making it available is by growing members of the pea and bean family. A common, soil-dwelling bacterium, Rhizobium, invades the roots of legumes and multiplies. The nutrients and energy for this is supplied by the plant. In return the bacterium is able to change the atmospheric nitrogen into a form useable by the host plant.

When the plant dies and breaks down, this nitrogen is released and made available for the benefit of successive crops. It is estimated that where a leguminous green manure is grown as part of the overall regime, this can result in savings in the region of 35 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare. Broad Bean Bruschetta Next month It is common problem with legumes, especially runner beans, and is usually caused by the one or more of the following: They have an intense dislike for the cold, wet springs often encountered in the UK so delay sowing this crop outdoors until around midMay if conditions are poor.

Alternatively, sow indoors in February in boxes in a loam-based compost. Plant out as soon as conditions allow, spacing at 15cms in the rows and 30cms between the rows. S o, there you have it. Very little fat, lots of protein and fibre, money saved on fertilisers and less environmental damage to boot.

How about using hanging baskets - or something even more original Sounds quite friendly, doesn't it? In fact, it's considered a curse because, to the Chinese, interesting times mean trouble. Well, interesting times are certainly upon us, but whether that means trouble depends on your outlook. The sixth permaculture principle to be examined in this series states that 'the problem is the solution', which at first glance seems just the sort of thing an inscrutable Chinese scholar might say.

Simply put, it means that every problem you face will also bring with it an opportunity to find a solution and, what's more, that the solution may be more significant than the original problem. This is more than just a positive attitude; it's about making the very best of any situation, getting the most from your resources and turning every challenge to your advantage. Let's take the example of an inner-city dweller who wants to produce some of their own food. The obvious problem this person must overcome is a lack of space, and particularly outdoor space, for T or deer, and may even be free of slugs and snails.

There is also an excellent chance that water and electricity are available on site, with plenty of hard surfaces from which rainwater can be collected. Surrounding buildings also offer shelter from strong winds, and large conurbations can be a degree or two warmer than the surrounding countryside — particularly at night. This means city dwellers might make use of vertical space by growing kiwis or grapes in a sheltered spot, while tomatoes and chillies will crop more successfully.

Of course there are limitations in terms of volume of production, but there are other areas in which urban growing excels. If you concentrate on developing these areas, you can more than compensate for other factors. A built-up urban environment will have little or no open ground, and that which is available may be unusable such as parks or in huge demand such as local allotments.

It would be easy for this person to give up before they'd begun, but let's consider the opportunities this situation presents. Firstly, you don't need to grow in open ground — you can use pots and containers. These could be situated on windowsills, patios or if you're lucky an area of flat roof. Window boxes are another great way to increase both your growing space and the quality of your local environment, while some of the most nutritious and valuable crops such as sprouting seeds and herbs can be grown next to the kitchen sink.

There are also disused and abandoned places in most urban landscapes and local residents will be unlikely to complain or possibly even notice if a few squash plants appear in the grounds of a derelict building, or if a patch of roadside brambles suddenly develops a potato-filled clearing. This is known as guerilla gardening Google awaits you , and it brings with it all kinds of opportunities to improve your neighbourhood. We've covered the basic permaculture principles, so now let's look at how they might be applied on a typical smallholding.

Wild foods are all of these, and a lot more. The term simply refers to something which hasn't been purposely cultivated, but still has an edible use. Dave Hamilton finds a tasty treat while foraging for wild food during a coastal walk A Knotweed crumble It even makes invasive plants fair game, as both Japanese knotweed and Himalayan balsam have edible uses.

When knotweed is first emerging, it resembles asparagus in appearance, and it's these shoots which can be used in just the same way as rhubarb. In the past, I've served up knotweed crumble to unsuspecting guests who happily munched it down, in the firm belief they were eating rhubarb.

Not one of them suspected a thing although I did eventually tell them! Himalayan balsam, on the other hand, has edible seeds and flowers. The flowers can be used in salads and have a sort of peppery taste to them, whereas the seeds taste a bit like walnuts and can be used in the same way as sesame seeds or poppy seeds. However, both these plants do come with a warning. I may be preaching to the converted here, but both are called invasive weeds for a very good reason. Himalayan balsam has explosive seed pods which can fire seeds up to 20ft away, and each plant can form hundreds, if not thousands, of seeds.

With knotweed, it is an offence to spread the plant. This is very easy to do as it needs only a small amount of material any of the plant to grow. So if you are preparing it to eat, you must never put the remains in the compost; instead, dry it out and burn ALL the remains. Do be careful with mushrooms, and make sure they are safe to eat It's amazing how you can look at a landscape differently when the only real question you are asking each plant is 'can I eat you? Picking them may not only rob the local wildlife of a meal, but may also threaten their existence in that area. For this reason, I only pick a little at a time and from as many places as possible.

Going bounding into an area and stripping it of all its worth may upset the balance of nature and could have serious knock-on effects up the food chain. A bag of foraged hazelnuts may make a nice evening snack for you but, for the dormouse, it can be the difference between life or death on a cold night. Wild food is the ultimate in local and organic food and a great way to mark the seasons.

Each year, I look forward to the fresh leaves of spring, the succulent fruits of summer and the carbohydrate rich nuts and roots of autumn and winter. Rather than worry about food miles, you will be surprised what you may find to eat just feet from your door. All in all, it is an abundant month when the hard work from early in the year is obvious for all to see. Plants look like they are going to erupt with fruit, and there is a rarely a patch of spare earth visible beneath the mulch and towering vegetables crowding for the summer sun.

I would say that July is a month to continue being attentive around your plot and putting in extra effort if you really want to capitalise on the productive season. This month is also a time when we like to go away to visit friends and families and make the most of Cornwall by exploring and going camping.

Holidays are meant to be a time of relaxation, not fretting over cabbages, so consider installing a simple irrigation system to save you the worry. Automatic timers and garden hoses with joining attachments, such as T-joints, misters, drippers and end stops, are always available at good garden centres, and they are worth every penny.

Sometimes they are expensive, but the efficiency and regularity of watering does have significant results - the last couple of years here at Newhouse Farm have far surpassed previous seasons with healthy crops and high yields! You will also need a small pump and a battery - I would recommend a 12V demand pump J Melons This month I am particularly proud of my melons!

I have tried over the last few years to grow unusual crops as well as the more conventional ones to experiment and see just how local you can really get. The melons grow in a very similar way to cucumbers and need to be planted undercover on a slight mound to avoid neck rot at the base. Again, they benefit from feeding and pruning so that more energy goes into the fruit rather than the spiraling lengths of suckers. Another tip that helps with watering over dry weather spells is to attach a secondary one with a short length of pipe - this means that any overflow from heavy rain is also captured.

You may well think this sounds like nonsense, but we have been employing it successfully for crops such as courgettes and squash plants for the last five years. The first two weeks are hard, as you will see the plant wilt and look like it is seriously struggling, but then it will come back strongly, having developed a deep tap root, and be able to withstand dry periods without watering.

Nutrients are contained in the soil, but soil itself is the mortar, or structure, that contains minerals and nutrients that the plants need to grow. I feed our plants regularly with a combination of nutrients to give them the best chance possible and the most successful conditions I can create. They are all quick and easy to make and guaranteed to smell awful! Feed tomato plants or other crops once a week for astonishing results.

Place a jam jar or watering can underneath to catch the droplets as the leaves break down. Comfrey has a particularly deep root that gains nutrients from the soil, normally out of reach of most plants. It is, therefore, full of rich goodness that will turn into a black-coloured liquid concentrate after a couple of weeks. It is a great use for our favourite smallholding stinging invaders. In fact, any cooked food or meat can be composted if you use a handful of Bokashi and sprinkle it in a sealed container.

A host of micro-organisms then break down the food in anaerobic conditions. Think of this as a very strong cordial that should only be fed once mixed 1: Its other use is as a homemade drain-cleaner! We have had such amazing results and extremely tasty birds from Rosie that we go back year after year www. Norfolk Blacks are a lovely breed, and the young pullets are a real pleasure to rear. See my article from July last year for all the details. Outdoor cooking The pleasures and practicalities, ranging from building your own smoker to using a solar dryer, heating up an earth oven to making your own charcoal This offer is available to the UK only.

Offer ends 1st July We guarantee you are within 20 miles of a Siromer owner wherever you are on the UK mainland. Please phone for your nearest Siromer outlet or see our website www. Neil is a Country Smallholding reader who has a nineacre smallholding near Chelmsford in Essex. Neil and his wife Cara bought their smallholding three years ago, including a three-acre garden, five-acre paddock and one-acre wood.

Neil is more of an 'accidental smallholder' while Cara has held the dream of 'the good life' since childhood. The 60ft by ft veggie patch is coming together - if I can find a way of keeping the rabbits and deer out. I am currently working my way around our 1,m boundary hedge replanting and laying. All went well, until all but one of the bullocks took exception to a hot air balloon landing nearby. I think the police were quite impressed that they had made it almost six miles, to the edge of Chelmsford, before stopping for a rest Fergies are still around, in varying states of This was driven both by the need for dis repair.

On the downside, because of their greater food production and the availability popularity among tractor collectors, prices can be of redundant armament factories and skilled quite high. Even though these machines are now more I am not sure if it was the two Corgi models I than 50 years old, and probably at the large end of owned as a child, or the fact that my mother worked the scale for many smallholders, ownership of a for the company that supplied Ford with wooden vintage tractor can bring other benefits.

I have been standing for Tractor England lucky enough to borrow a early versions used an Major from my neighbour to imported American engine top my pasture, and it is until a 2,cc British engine, certainly a joy to drive. One of the last County tractors produced, it was brought back to the UK from the Falkland Islands for restoration Cheffins Five vintage sales per year. July 24 at Sutton, Cambs. Cheffins also conduct many onsite farm dispersal sales. They are certainly large enough for any smallholding task, but not so big as to be uneconomic to operate, most consuming between five and seven litres of fuel per hour, under load.

By their very nature, tractors are fairly robust machines, but time is a great leveller. A quick Google search, or a visit to a couple of tractor meets or country shows, will allow you to draw your own conclusions about likely reliability, simply by comparing the number of each model still surviving. It is also worth checking how lively the restoration scene surrounding the particular model is, and if spares are still available. Almost everything except the more modern fuel system on the 35 DI Classic is inter-changeable with the old MF35, which is also good news for Classic owners.

New compact tractors Spares www. Combining power, reliability and operator comfort to deliver exceptional performance, whatever the task. Limited, Dormer Road, Thame, Oxfordshire. Fill-up its ml tank for approx. The traditional chores of preparing soil for vegetable gardens, planting or lawn-laying suddenly become a distant memory with this ingenious machine. It can be easily carried weighs 15kg or moved using its wheels which also act as tilling depth adjusters.

My card number is Free 7-day delivery to UK mainland. Please call for special delivery services: If you do not wish to receive mailings from other companies, please tick box selling price. Products are fully guaranteed for 12 months. Emery House, Units Romsey Ind. Close to the A1 on the Lincs, Notts, Leic border. Family run Alpaca farm with all colours. BAS registered, micro-chipped, beautiful pregnant females and young boys for sale. For information, advice or to visit call Martin or Clare www. Licensed for exports to France and Spain. We have five elite stud males from white to true black in our American Snowmass Collection and two Australian black stud males.

We also have a selection of approximately 35 females for sale in a variety of colours and offer back-up, husbandry courses, help and advice as necessary. Please contact Nick or Sue on Tel: World class stud service. Wide range of males, females and young stock available in a variety of colours. For more information, please call or email sales allthingsrural. Choice of colours, full support and training given. Call Sue on sue valley-alpacas. Professional alpaca stud with world class genetics.

Call Rob and Lesley Rawlins alpacas wellground. Offering alpacas for sale and prize winning males at stud. Friendly advice and support given. Visitors welcome by appointment. Stud services, competitive prices. Free advice with on going after sales assistance. Well handled and tame. Tel email lesleybeazer hillend. Lovely fleece, good confirmation. Excellent quality stud male. View with no obligation. Willing to share 12 years experience. Sensible prices for high classed Alpacas.

Tel or Quality alpacas for sale to suit all requirements including excellent studs. Contact Sheila , www. Full after sales service and advice. Quality stock for sale.

Stud services available black, brown, rose-grey and white males. Practical advice and backup included. Friendly advice and support, welcome to visit please call.

Pregnant females in all colours, some with cria at foot, maidens, potential studs with proven bloodlines and friendly halter trained pets. Call our friendly team now on or visit www. High quality pregnant females, geldings and young potential herdsires for sale in a range of colours and prices Stud services from white, pure Accoyo and prize winning fawn and black males. Visitors welcome to visit, see the herd and talk about alpacas but please telephone or email first. We specialise in helping new owners and provide full after sales support.

Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire T. Easy access from M5 and A Courses, consultancy and after sales support. Breeding stock, pets and sheep guards for sale. Karen Oglesby www. Marvellous companions with guarding instincts.

ALT.FAN.CECIL-ADAMS Word Use Summary for December, 2001

Helpful supportive after sale advice. All alpacas sold with Veterany Health certificates or inspections as required. Call to talk alpaca. Pregnant females and pet males for sale. Friendly no obligation advice given with full after sales support and husbandry instruction. Prize winning studs at service. Quality black Alpacas using best black studs available. Visit our friendly prize winning herd. Quality Huacaya Alpacas for sale. Full after sales support. Pregnant females for sale, stud services available, unprocessed fleece seconds for sale.

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Call Tina on or www. Also Dexter Cattle and Berkshire Pigs. Tel or To advertise in breeders call Elaine on or email: Many colour of Calls, Campbell, and Indian Runners. All ducklings sexed at day old. Also Mandarins and Embden Geese. SAE for price list. Friendly and well handled. Hatching eggs, day olds, poults, adults. Small or large orders taken. Eggs to adult, over a dozen colours, day olds, poults and mature.

Nationwide delivery, Merv Anstey, Devon www. Fine quality Red Deer, Young and breeding stock for sale. Reindeers for sale, yearlings fully inoculated, reared on British diet, older stock including castrates. Trained and halter broken on request. Husbandry and veterinary advice. Emu oil skincare products. White and Grey birds of various ages. Eggs, chicks and young birds available.

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Please call or email us at sales allthingsrural. Advertise your animals for sale on our website. Close to 3 Counties Showground, Malvern, Worcester. Contact Julie or Alan www. Vaccinated and advice given. Ring for further details. Very friendly herd of Pygmy goats. Forward orders taken, Billy stud service. Also medium black bull for hire; all hardy, docile and easy going. Live out all year. Stock all ages available now. Transport can be arranged. Gloucester Old Spot weaners sometimes available. All reared to the highest standard on Marros mountain, West Wales. Good temperament and traditional confirmation.

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Country Small Holding July 2010

Tom, West Sussex. Weaners and registered pigs from the Meon Valley Herd. Friendly, well handled, naturally reared. Kilmond Ru II boar at stud. Also pedigree middle white piglets available soon plus boar at stud Barnard Castle E: Free range piglets, weaners, adults. Registered stud boar available. Carol or Lee on or email: Small, friendly, grazing pig- ideal outdoor family pets. Jane Oliver , olivers firenet. Registered stock, also Tutaki boar at stud.

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Also pedigree pygmy goats. Tel Email Susanabullock hotmail. The Traditional Black Pig: Grower of hens from day olds to p. Blackrock, leghorn, sussex, nera, rhondda blue, cuckoo maran, magpie, silver nic, white indian runners. We free range rear and are open Saturdays February - November inclusive. Top quality feeders and drinkers. All birds excellent layers, sex-linked, so can guarantee hens from 8wks. Pics, prices, availability and location on website, see you soon! Leghorns 10 colours, Wyandottes 16 colours, Marans 4 colours. Quality hybrids and pure breeds.

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